In biomedical science

Phosphazene polymers can act as biomaterials in several different ways [401, 402,407]. What is important in the consideration of skeletal properties is that the -P=N- backbone can be considered as an extremely stable substrate when fluorinated alcohols [399,457] or phenoxy [172] substituents are used in the substitution process of the chlorine atoms of (NPCl2)n> but it becomes highly hydrolytically unstable when simple amino acid [464] or imidazole [405-407] derivatives are attached to the phosphorus. In this case, an extraordinary demolition reaction of the polymer chain takes place under mild hydrolytic conditions transforming skeletal nitrogen and phosphorus into ammonium salts and phosphates, respectively [405-407,464]. This opens wide perspectives in biomedical sciences for the utilization of these materials, for instance, as drug delivery systems [213,401,405,406,464] and bioerodible substrates [403,404]. 

Special issues of the International Symposia on Quantitative Luminescence Spectrometry in Biomedical Sciences. Anal Chim Acta 290 1-248, 1994 and Anal Chim Acta 303 1-148, 1995. 

O. S. Wolfbeis, Fiber-optic sensors in biomedical sciences, Pure Appl. Chem. 59, 663-672 (1987). 

Eline M. Sepers recently completed a Masters degree in Biomedical Science at the University of Amsterdam. Her work on this volume was undertaken during an internship with the Unit for History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Sydney. 

Figure 16.18—FAB and MALDI techniques, a) Principle of fast-atom generation using xenon b) formation of a fast-atom beam of argon in a collision chamber and bombardment of the sample (using a FAB gun) c) MALDI. The impact of a photon leads to a similar result as with a fast atom. The mechanism for desorption ionisation is not entirely known. These ionisation modes are particularly well suited for the study of medium to high molecular weight species. They are mostly used in biomedical sciences but not for routine determinations.

This has become a reality with the adaptation of immunoanalysis to small molecules. This approach has seen a drastic expansion in biomedical sciences because of developments in genetic engineering and biochemistry. The same methods have been common in environmental sciences for some years now. 

While the tradition in biomedical science has been to pigeon-hole cells or events into discrete systems, nowhere is the folly of this simplistic approach better illustrated than in the immune system where the vanguard must be connectedness. For example, dendritic cells are key players in innate and adaptive immune responses, humoral immunity involves both... 

Although a wide range of polymers have been investigated with various cyclodex-trins, these studies mainly focused on the IC preparation techniques and characterization of solid phases. The solution properties, such as the self - assembly behavior, dissociation, particle size an surface activity, were not commonly reported. These solution properties, especially the assembly and surface behavior, are vital for the potential applications of such systems in biomedical science, such as in controlled drug delivery. 

In the past two decades, several important new medicines have been discovered and developed for patients. Major advances have been made in the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, diabetes, AIDS, and arthritis. Advances in biomedical science have provided the understanding of disease processes and the technology to foster these discoveries. This book recounts the basic and clinical work that led to some of the most important new treatments. With the advent of the genomic era in biomedicine, we can look forward to many more treatment advances. 

Gendreau, R. M., Ed. (1986) Spectroscopy in Biomedical Sciences. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

G Harding and B Schreiber (1999) Coherent x-ray scatter imaging and its applications in biomedical science and industry. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 56, 229-245. 

Harel Weinstein and Jack Peter Green, Quantum Chemistry in Biomedical Sciences, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 367, New York Academy of Scineces, New York, 1981. 

Over the years, research efforts in biomedical sciences from academia, industry, and government institutions have underpinned a wealth of detailed knowledge regarding metabolism and physiology in humans and vertebrates, and many TK models have been developed. A critical aspect for the development of such models is the identification of the specific enzymes involved in the metabolism of a particular compound. For vertebrates these enzymes are well characterized, at least in terms of structure, if not also in terms of function, but such detailed knowledge is not available for invertebrates. In humans, metabolic routes can be split into phase I, phase II, and renal excretion. However, the relatively recent characterization of transporters such as P-glycoprotein has introduced them in the system as phase 0 or phase III because they can transport the parent compound or the metabolite. Major metabolic routes include phase I enzymes responsible for initial oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis... 

Waggoner, A. S. (1986) Fluorescent probe for analysis of cell structure, function, and health by flow imaging cytometry. Application ofFluorescence in Biomedical Science, Alan Liss, New York. 

N. Pastor. Ph.D. Thesis in Biomedical Sciences (CUNY, New York, 1997). 

Ichinose, N. Schwedt, G. Schnepel, E.M. Adachi, K. Fluorescence Analysis in Biomedical Sciences Wiley Interscience New York, 1991. 

K. Jankowski, J. R. J. Par6, H. Virelizier, and D. Gaudin, in Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Sciences (A. Frigerio, ed.). Chapter 7. Elsevier, Bordighera, Italy, 1982. 

Advances in biomedical science over the past century, coupled with improved sanitation measures and public health practices (2), have led to remarkable gains in the health of the American people and an increase in the life expectancy from... 

Templeton DM. The importance of trace element speciation in biomedical science. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003 375 1062-6. 

P. Schimmel and E. Schmidt Making connections RNA-dependent amino acid recognition. Trends in Biomedical Science 20, 1 (1995). 

O Connor CD, Pickard K (2003) In Day INM (ed) Microarrays microplates applications in biomedical sciences. BIOS Scientific, Abingdon, UK, pp 61-88... 

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