Hystereses behavior

The neodymium based plumbides NdCuPb, NdAgPb, and NdAuPb (Oner et al., 1999) show antiferromagnetic ordering at Tn = 14.6,12.6, and 18.9 K, respectively. These samples revealed an additional transition to a superconducting state at transition temperatures of 7.25, 7.00, and 6.85 K, respectively. The nature of these transitions is still not clear. Due to hystereses behavior of the magnetization of NdAgPb at 5 K, the authors claimed that NdAgPb is a type II superconductor. 

Fig. 30. PbTi03-PbZrOvLa phase diagram with insets illustrating hystereses behavior and letters denoting major commercial compositions. Reprinted from Haertling [28] by courtesy of Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Fig. 14 a, b. Power and temperature dependence of a the visible cooperative luminescence b the NIR downconversion luminescence in 10% Yb + Cs3Lu2Br9 excited at 10,591 cm plotted on linear axes. These data show distinct hystereses, the properties of which are temperature dependent. Inset 10 K laser transmission, which also shows hysteresis behavior. Adapted from [62]... 

In chemical reactors an enormous variety of possible regimes, both steady state and non-steady state (transient) can be observed. Steady-state reaction rates can be characterized by maxima and hystereses. Non-steady-state kinetic dependences may exhibit many phenomena of complex behavior, such as fast and slow domains, ignition and extinction, oscillations and chaotic behavior. These phenomena can be even more complex when taking into account transport processes in three-dimensional media. In this case, waves and different spatial structures can be generated. For explaining these features and applying this knowledge to industrial or biochemical processes, models of complex chemical processes have to be simplified. 

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