4-hydroxyalkanal 3-

A.lpha-Olefm Sulfonates. Sulfonation of alpha-olefins yields a mixture of alkene sulfonates, hydroxyalkane sulfonates, and some amount of various disulfonates. These detergents are excellent foamers with good detergency properties. They are unaffected ia hard water and thek effects are considered superior to the alkyl ether sulfates (9). 

Substituted 3-Hydroxyalkanal Dimethylhydrazones 2 General Procedure for Aldol-Type Addition of Ti-tanated Dimethylhydrazones2 ... 

The direct reaction of 1-alkenes with strong sulfonating agents leads to surface-active anionic mixtures containing both alkenesulfonates and hydroxyalkane sulfonates as major products, together with small amounts of disulfonate components, unreacted material, and miscellaneous minor products (alkanes, branched or internal alkenes, secondary alcohols, sulfonate esters, and sultones). Collectively this final process mixture is called a-olefinsulfonate (AOS). The relative proportions of these components are known to be an important determinant of the physical and chemical properties of the surfactant [2]. 

Fundano and Konishi [111] reported the separation and quantification of hydroxyalkane- and alkenesulfonates by salting-out chromatography. 

Another method for the preparation of hydroxyalkanephosphonic acids is the conversion of aldehydes with dialkyl phosphites in the presence of triethylamine or sodium methylate leading directly to the corresponding a-hydroxyalkane-phosphonates. This reaction is reversible, leading to the starting materials aldehyde and diethyl phosphite again [143,146]. 

Since enol carbamates of 4-hydroxyalkanals (or y-hydroxyalkanones) are produced by formation of the C(3)—C(4) bond, we named the process homoaldol reaction 244-246... 

The conversion of co-hydroxyalkanals to the corresponding cyanohydrins in moderate enantioselectivities could also be accomplished by transhydrocyanation with acetone cyanohydrin as the cyanide source. These substrates are considered difficult because of their high solubility in water. Through the employment of an almond meal preparation in a micro-aqueous organic reaction system, the ee-values could be significantly improved [54]. 

The condensation of a,/3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with phenols has received much attention as a route to chromenes. Problems associated with the instability of alkenals have been largely overcome by the use of masked forms of these reagents. The derived acetals have proved particularly useful in this respect. It is also advantageous to use the acetals of hydroxyalkanals and to introduce the double bond during the course of the reaction. Thus, 4,4-dimethoxy-2-methylbutan-2-ol serves as the equivalent of the unstable 3-methylbut-2-enal. 

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