Hydrolysis nucleophilic acyl substitution nitriles

Methods of synthesis for carboxylic acids include (1) oxidation of alkyl-benzenes, (2) oxidative cleavage of alkenes, (3) oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes, (4) hydrolysis of nitriles, and (5) reaction of Grignard reagents with CO2 (carboxylation). General reactions of carboxylic acids include (1) loss of the acidic proton, (2) nucleophilic acyl substitution at the carbonyl group, (3) substitution on the a carbon, and (4) reduction. [Pg.774]

Michael reaction, 894-895 mutarotation. 986 nitrile hydrolysis, 768-769 nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. 790... [Pg.1305]

This chapter will discuss methods for the preparation of esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and amides from carboxylic acids, based on acyl substitution reactions. Acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives will include hydrolysis, interconversion of one acid derivative into another, and reactions with strong nucleophiles such as organometallic reagents. In addition, the chemistry of dicarboxylic acid derivatives will be discussed, as well as cyclic esters, amides, and anhydrides. Sulfonic acid derivatives will be introduced as well as sulfate esters and phosphate esters. Finally, nitriles will be shown to be acid derivatives by virtue of their reactivity. [Pg.944]