Hydrolysis equilibria of ionic species

Presence of even trace amounts of sparingly soluble minerals can lead to fairly high concentrations of active inorganic species such as polyvalent metallic ions. These species have 

Hydrolysis reactions of polyvalent metallic ions take place in solutions to form various types of hydroxy complexes, the concentration of each complex can be calculated based on the solution equilibria of the cations. 

The hydrolysis equilibria of metallic cations are shown as follows. 

When metallic ions form precipitates in solutions, M(OH)m(.y) is in equilibrium with other species  

The log C-pH diagrams of species of metallic ions such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, A1 and Mn are shown in Figs. 3.1a and 3.1b. In each system, metallic ions, hydroxyl ions and hydroxides are present in different pH regions. These species play different roles in determining the flotation of the minerals. 

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