Hydrogen water probe

Fig. 7. Overlay of the DNQX and ATPO-iGluR2-SlS2 complexes including isoenergy contours according to GRID-methyl probe (beige, -2.9 kcal/mol), water probe (cyan, -8.5 kcal/mol), and hydrogen phosphate anion probe (magenta, -14.4 kcal/mol).

The main advantage of the GRID method is the great variety of available probes, represented by several functional groups such as water, methyl, ammonium, carboxy-late, and benzene in particular, among them there are probes which can both accept and donate a hydrogen bond (e.g. water), probes which cannot turn around (e.g. carbonyl probe), and a recently proposed hydrophobic probe, named DRY. 

Vibrational spectroscopy of water probes the effeets of the environment on the 0-H (or the 0-D) stretching mode of water molecules and therefore exhibits exeeptional sensitivity towards hydrogen-bonding. This teehnique has been used for probing solute-solvent interactions, for example, the influenee of Na" and CF ions on solvent stmcture in electrolyte solutions. IR and near-IR vibrational speetroscopy... 

Parks E K, Welller B H, Bechthold P S, Hoffman W F, NIeman G C, Pobo L G and Riley S J 1988 Chemical probes of metal cluster structure reactions of Iron clusters with hydrogen, ammonia and water J. Chem. Rhys. 88 1622... 

According to experimental data,208,209 the SNIFTIR technique can be used to probe the electrical properties of the electrical double layer even in more concentrated solutions where cyclic voltammetry (cv), impedance, chronocoulometry, and other techniques are not applicable. Iwasita and Xia210 have used FTIR reflection-adsorption spectra to identify the potential at which the orientation of water molecules changes from hydrogen down to oxygen down. 

Neutron attenuation Emits high-energy neutrons into the soil that collide with hydrogen atoms associated with soil water and counts the number of pulses, which is correlated to moisture content Consists of a probe inserted into access boreholes with aluminum or polyvinyl chloride casing... 

---