Hydrogen isotope exchange techniques

R. B. Gregory and A. Rosenberg, Methods Enzymol, 131, 448 (1986). Protein Conformational Dynamics Measured by Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Techniques. 

Farkas and Farkas (32) examined the kinetics of the exchange and hydrogenation of benzene catalyzed by platinized platinum foil at room temperature. The occurrence of isotope exchange was detected by the thermal conductivity technique. They reported (i) that the exchange reaction was only a little faster than hydrogenation and (ii) that exchange... 

Following the Second World War, hydrogen very highly enriched in the isotope of mass 2 became available, and the mass spectrometer appeared as an analytical tool for the chemist the time was ripe for very detailed studies of catalyzed isotope exchange in hydrocarbons. The technique of continuously monitoring the reaction by means of a mass spectrometer linked directly to the reaction vessel has been used for many of the studies now to be described. The method by which the experimental data are treated is well known (84) it is reproduced briefly in the footnote (p. 136). 

A number of research groups have used SIFT instruments for measurements directed toward IS chemistry. The Birmingham group of Adams and Smith, the inventors of the SIFT technique [16], was particularly active in this regard and a major focus of their SIFT measurements was the systematic study of reactions of hydrogenated ions, e.g. CH,, CjH,, NH , HnS+, HnCO+ etc., with numerous molecular species [18]. Further contributions by this group include detailed studies of isotope exchange in ion-neutral reactions, studies for which the SIFT is eminently suited, since the ion source gas and the reactant gas are not mixed. From these studies and detailed kinetic models of interstellar ionic reactions, it is now understood that the observed enhancement of the rare isotopes (e.g. D, 13C) in some IS molecules is due to the process of isotope fractionation in ion-neutral reactions [19]. 

Isotope exchange is a technique which gives reliable comparative data on the electrophilic and protophilic reactivity of the five-membered heterocycles furan, thiophene, and selenophene, revealing how the activity of their hydrogen atoms varies with the position of the hydrogen in the ring and with the number and position of substituents. The results from kinetic data on isotopic exchange in deuterated selenophenes, thiophenes, and furans, may be summarized as follows. 

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