Hydrogen Bonds, and Clusters

In this section, the structures of ice, water, and the hydrogen bond are based on the classical works of Bernal and Fowler (1933), Pauling (1935), and Bjerrum (1952), as well as the reviews of Frank (1970), and Stillinger (1980). These subjects are treated in comprehensive detail in the seven volume series edited by Franks (1972-1982), to which any student of water compounds will wish to refer. A second series of monographs on water, also edited by Franks (1985-1990), was published to update the earlier monograph series. Discussion on computer simulation studies of the structure and dynamics of water is largely based on the work of Debenedetti (1996, 2003). 

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A continuous effect is the decrease in water content and void volume with Increasing temperature. Water is lost from the primary gel during annealing, both because of the formation of virtual crosslinks and because of the decrease in hydrogen bonding and cluster size in the water Itself. An example of a discontinuous effect is the dramatic increase in permselectivity (salt rejection) observed when cellulose acetate membranes are heated above the glass transition temperature 68.6 C. In fact, not one but two... 

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