Hydrocracking chemistry

Fig. 8.7 Schematic hydrocracking chemistry. (From http //nefthim.com/sites/default/files/hydrocrackl.png).

Dolbear, G. E., Hydrocracking Reactions, Catalysts, and Processes, in Petroleum Chemistry and Refining, 1998, Taylor Francis Washington, DC. pp. 175-198. 

Wang, Z.-X., Zhang, H.-Y. Guo, A.-j., et al., Study on hydrogen donation ability of residue hydrocracking system catalyzed by oil-soluble and water-soluble catalysts. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 1998. 43(3) pp. 530-533. 

Nikravech, M. et al., Plasma-fluidized bed hydrocracking process of heavy hydrocarbons, Proc. 9th Int. Symp. on Plasma Chemistry, Pugnochiuso, Italy, 209,1989. 

Rabo J.A. (ed.) (1979) Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC Ward J.W. and Qader, S.A. (eds) (1975) Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating, ACS Symposium Series, 20, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,... 

The basic concept underlying alkylation reactions of aromatics is the formation of a stabilized carbocation able to attack nucleophilic substrates. Hydrocarbon cracking and hydrocracking, alkane isomerization, and olefin alkylation are important processes based on related alkane carbocation chemistry in the production of various types of hydrocarbons such as the branched ones for high octane gasolines. Zeolites and metal oxides are the preferred catalysts. 

Hung LT, Gardos G, Szabo TK. 1990. Production of motor fuels by pyrolysis oil hydrocracking under severe conditions II. Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry 18 23-32. 

On palladium, demethylation (primary-secondary or primary-tertiary C-C bond rupture) is the major hydrocracking reaction. On platinum, the demethylation is still favored, but the other cleavage modes (secondary-secondary and secondary-tertiary C-C bond rupture) become appreciable. On iridium, deethylation predominates, while on nickel, the initial hydrocracking distribution includes a large excess of methane relative to the simple demethylation and deethylation. Finally, on cobalt, extensive cracking to methane accounts for 100% of the overall reaction. These results may be rationalized in terms of metallocarbene chemistry and of the capacities of the different metals to form metallocarbenes. 

Bhutan), N., Ray, A. K. and Rangaiah, G. P. (2006). Modeling, simulation and multiobjective optimization of an industrial hydrocracking unit. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 1354-1372. 

Coonradt, H.L. and Garwood, W.E. "Mechanism of hydrocracking." Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Process Design and Development. 3(1) 38-45 1964. 

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