Human response

Operations such as the above are carried out very rapidly by the computer through voltage switching, each switch lasting only a few nanoseconds. Therefore, although it is clumsier to represent numbers in binary for the human mind, and instead we use ten symbols (0, 1,. .., 9) to help us with complicated arithmetic, the speed with which we can do this arithmetic is nothing like the speed of the computer. Computer addition seems instantaneous, whereas human response to addition takes a finite time. 

The aroma of fmit, the taste of candy, and the texture of bread are examples of flavor perception. In each case, physical and chemical stmctures ia these foods stimulate receptors ia the nose and mouth. Impulses from these receptors are then processed iato perceptions of flavor by the brain. Attention, emotion, memory, cognition, and other brain functions combine with these perceptions to cause behavior, eg, a sense of pleasure, a memory, an idea, a fantasy, a purchase. These are psychological processes and as such have all the complexities of the human mind. Flavor characterization attempts to define what causes flavor and to determine if human response to flavor can be predicted. The ways ia which simple flavor active substances, flavorants, produce perceptions are described both ia terms of the physiology, ie, transduction, and psychophysics, ie, dose-response relationships, of flavor (1,2). Progress has been made ia understanding how perceptions of simple flavorants are processed iato hedonic behavior, ie, degree of liking, or concept formation, eg, crispy or umami (savory) (3,4). However, it is unclear how complex mixtures of flavorants are perceived or what behavior they cause. Flavor characterization involves the chemical measurement of iadividual flavorants and the use of sensory tests to determine their impact on behavior. 

Safety testing of a finished cosmetic product should be sufficient to ensure that the product does not cause irritation when used in accordance with directions, neither eUcits sensitization nor includes a sensitizer, and does not cause photoaHergic responses. Some of the methods for determining animal or human responses to cosmetics are noted in Table 3. 

Cells Rapid acquisition of data Threshold of human response ... 

For some processes, human intervention is included in the response to an upset. See Section 6.5 for a discussion of the human response time in process control. 

Hoeppe, P, Oohori, T., Berglund, L, and Gwosdow, A. (1985) Vapor resistance, of clothing and its effect on human response during and after exercise. In CLIMA 2000 Indoor Climate, 4, VSS Kongres, Copenhagen, pp. 97-102. 

ISO ms 13732 Conract with hot, moderate, and cold surtaces Ergonomics of the thermal envitonraenr Methods for assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces... 

Since this would give an inconveniently small scale (it would range from approximately 0 to 14 for a human response) the bell is divided numerically by 10 to give the decibel. The equation therefore becomes ... 

Ethanol is classified for medical purposes as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Its effects—that is, being drunk—resemble the human response to anesthetics. There is an initial excitability and increase in sociable behavior, but this results from depression of inhibition rather than from stimulation. At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1% to 0.3%, motor coordination is affected, accompanied by loss of balance, slurred speech, and amnesia. When blood alcohol concentration rises to 0.3% to 0.4%, nausea and loss of consciousness occur. Above 0.6%, spontaneous respiration and cardiovascular regulation are affected, ultimately leading to death. The LD50 of ethanol is 10.6 g/kg (Chapter 1 Focus On). 

Bir et al." have analyzed the effect of blunt ballistic impact of a baton-type, less-lethal projectile on the thoracic region using human cadavers. She determined human-response corridors and developed biomechanical surrogates, which can be used for testing different new projectiles for their blunt ballistic impact. The human-response force corridor for blunt thoracic impact by a thermoplastic polyurethane-based baton round with 37 mm diameter, weighing 30 g, and traveling... 

Individual ability to tolerate radiation damage varies, so a statistical variation exists in the relationship between dose level and health effects. Also, there are effective treatments, such as blood transfusions, for some radiation effects. The statistical patterns of human response to radiation are summarized in Table 22-5. Doses of over 600 rem are almost always fatal. 

The relation between experienced dose and environmental and human response The relation between exposure to an environmental stressor and the environmental or human response Substance causing adverse environmental and/or human health impact... 

Consistent with the human responses to arsine exposure, observations in several animal species (rats, mice, and hamsters) indicated hematologic involvement. Cumulative exposures of 540-1,800 ppm-min produced decreases in hematocrit levels, RBC counts, packed cell volumes, and increases in absolute and relative spleen weights (consistent with erythrocyte damage). For acute exposures, the exposure-response curve is steep generally less than a 10-fold difference between no-effect and lethality exposures. 

The frequency of a cooling water failure is taken from Table 11-3, that is, / = 1CT1. The PFDs are estimated from Tables 11-4 and 11-5. The human response PFD is 10"1 and the PFD for the BPCS is lO-1. The consequence frequency is found using Equation 11-30 ... 

Similarly, data already available indicate that SNPs will be quite relevant in immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology. Findings that SNPs of immune-related proteins have an impact on the development of beryllium disease and silicosis suggest that SNPs may explain much of the daunting diversity of human responses to environmental and pharmaceutical agents. 

Klemm, W.R., Lutes, S.D., Hendrix, D.V. and Warrenburg, S. (1992). Topographical EEG maps of human response to odors. Chemical Senses 17 347-361. 

They are the only species which exhibit the human response to the test article. 

Olfactometric or sensory methods which provide information relating to the human response to odours. 

Armario A, Marti 0, Molina T, de Pablo J, Valdes M. (1996). Acute stress markers in humans response of plasma glucose, cortisol, and prolactin to two examinations differing in the anxiety they provoke. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 21(1) 17-24. 

The animal carcinogenicity data provide an accurate picture of human response, in both the nature of the response (cancer) and its quantitative aspects (potency). 

Andersen, I.. G. R. Lundquist, P. L. Jensen, and D. F. Proctor. Human response to controlled levels of sulfur dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 28 31-39, 1974. 

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