Human dosimetry studies, usefulness

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. There are studies on the adverse effects of acrylonitrile in humans. These studies link acrylonitrile exposure and lung cancer. It has also been suggested that acrylonitrile may have the potential to cause prostate cancer. Many of the studies have major limitations including insufficient quantification of exposure, short follow-up, small study population, and inadequate evaluation of confounding associations. Additional studies would be useful in clarifying the cancer risk and estimating the exposure levels that lead to these effects. 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. As noted previously, there are many reports on the adverse effects of bromomethane in humans. Most studies involve people with accidental acute high-level exposures in air, but there are also several studies of workers with repeated low-level exposures (Anger et al. 1986 Kishi et al. 1988 Verberk et al. 1979). These studies are sufficient to identify the main health effects of concern and to estimate the exposure levels that lead to effects. However, further studies of workers who are exposed to low levels during manufacture or use of... 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. The potential for occupational exposure exists in the use of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in the synthesis of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigments for printing ink applications and to a lesser extent in paints. Workers exposed to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (and simultaneously to other chemicals) have complained of gastrointestinal upset, upper respiratory infection. 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. There were limited data that indicated that the use kerosene stoves in the home is not associated with increased respiratory illness (Azizi and Henry 1991 Tominaga and Itoh 1985), although chronic dermal exposure to kerosene has been related to dermatosis (Jee et al. 1985). These studies are of limited use, however, since neither exposure nor duration of exposure were reported. 

Humans may be exposed to 2-hexanone through contaminated air in the workplace and in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites and consumption of and dermal contact with contaminated water, especially in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites. Epidemiological studies that followed populations exposed to 2-hexanone, either in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites or in the workplace, would be useful in assessing adverse health effects in humans. In any such studies, emphasis should be placed on neurological, hematological, immunological, reproductive, and developmental effects. Similarly, human dosimetry studies of these populations would be useful in associating 2-hexanone levels with the reported effects. 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. The target population for HDI toxicosis is the worker using products that contain both HDI and/or HDI in combination with the HDI prepolymers, usually in the form of automobile paint hardeners. One flaw in these reports is that the dosimetry data were not well described in many cases (Baur et al. 1984 Grammar et al. 1990 Malo et al. 1983 ... 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. No epidemiological studies were located regarding human health effects from nitrobenzene exposure. Studies of occupationally exposed populations would probably provide useful information. Areas of major interest would include methemoglobin levels, effects on reproductive function, immunological status, and neurobehavioral function. 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. Although there have been studies of persons exposed to Stoddard solvent or white spirits at the workplace, none have recorded exposure levels. A prospective occupational study that provides exposure levels would be useful in determining standards that would protect persons exposed at hazardous waste sites. 

Pilot human dosimetry studies have demonstrated the usefulness of adduct measurements in exposure assessments. Higher adduct levels in heavily exposed coke oven workers compared to those with lower exposures or controls have been reported using USERIA (3 )> ELISA (36) or the P-post1abe1ing assay (41). Tobacco consumption is also positively correlated with adduct formation (49). Chemotherapeutic trials are among the best evidence that adduct levels are related to exposure because in these cases, negative controls are truly negative. The development of immunoassays for cisplatin-DNA adducts by Poirier et a1., have led to internal dosimetry estimates and predictions for prognosis (35). Levels of aflatoxin B -adducts have also been identified in human liver and breast with ELISA (40.871. in serum albumin with RIA (88) and ELISA (38)- Multiple adduct assessments are also feasible (Table III) (89). 

Several studies using either passive dosimetry or biological monitoring, or both methods, were submitted by the registrant to assess exposure to workers in the US com belt. The details of these studies are found in the USEPA Revised Human Health Risk Assessment (USEPA, 2002) and the USEPA Re-registration Eligibility Document (USEPA, 2003) on atrazine. 

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