Human culture

Results of methyl parathion assays involving effects on chromosomes have also been contradictory. For sister chromatid exchange, Waters et al. (1982) reported a positive response in Chinese hamster ovary cells only in the presence of metabolic activation system, while methyl parathion tested positive without a metabolic activation system in Chinese hamster V79 cells (Chen et al. 1981), cultured normal human lymphoid cells (Chen et al. 1981 Gomez-Arroyo et al. 1987 Sobti et al. 1982), and Burkitt s l5miphoma cells (Chen et al. 1981). Chen et al. (1981) found a significant dose-related increase in sister chromatid exchange in both hamster and human cultured cells, but dose-related cell cycle delays were less pronounced in human cell lines than in V79 cells. Negative results were obtained for chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes without a metabolic activation system (Kumar et al. 1993). 

Nuzzo, F., Sala, F., Biondi, D., Casati, A., Cestaro, B., and de Carli, L. (1985). Liposomes induce chromosome aberrations in human cultured cells, Exp. Cell Res., 157. 397-408. 

NPYR, NPIP, D-NPZa Human Cultured bronchi metabolism to CO2 and binding to DNA and protein 26... 

NPYR Human Cultured esophagus binding to protein 27... 

The cytotoxicity of LDL can also be inferred from the study by Blake et al. (1985). In this study of human cultured endothelial cells, stored sera from patients with necrotizing arteritis demonstrated an enhanced tendency to develop oxidized LDL, which correlated closely with endothelial cell cytotoxicity. This process appears to require the presence of both oxygen and transition metal ions such as iron in the presence of a reducing agent (Gebicki ef /., 1991). There is considerable evidence that transition metals are involved in cell-induced modifications of LDL including the inhibitory effects of EDTA and desfer-rioxamine (Hiramatsu et 1987). A role for Of in LDL modification by endothelial cells and fibroblasts comes from studies showing inhibition of LDL oxidation by SOD (Steinbrecher, 1988). 

The learning process with respect to the problem of the origin of life took place in a manner similar to the three stages described by the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798-1857) for the linear history of progress in human culture. These three stages are ... 

Chen, P. H. et al., Effects of arsenic and UVB on normal human cultured keratinocytes Impact on apoptosis and implication on photocarcinogenesis, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 18, 139, 2005. 

PAF synthesis can be demonstrated upon the appropriate stimulation of a diverse range of cells, including rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages [22], mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells [23, 24], rat kidney cells [25], human cultured lymphoid cell lines [26] and endothelial cells [27-29], human and... 

The awareness that our human culture requires sustainable use of the earth s resources and its biosphere has become generally accepted in those societies that are in a relatively wealthy economic position. It also provides the intuitive justification for many that the use of renewable resources is a necessity. However, several economists (see Jaccard [1], Smil [4], Lomborg [5]) caution that the introduction or transition to renewable resources will also have economic as well as environmental costs, that sometimes reverse the preference for particular raw materials or technologies that at first sight seem to be the best. 

Kobayashi S, Kondo S, Juni K (1995) Permeability of peptides and proteins in human cultured alveolar A549 cell monolayer. Pharm Res 12(8) 1115-1119... 

Wang Z, Zhang Q (2004) Transport of proteins and peptides across human cultured alveolar A549 cell monolayer. Int J Pharm 269(2) 451—456... 

Salvayre, R., and Negre-Salvayre, A., 1998, Effect of dietary phenohe compormds on apoptosis of human cultured endothehal ceUs induced by oxidized LDL, Br. J. Pharmacol. 123 565-573. 

IL-23 has recently been shown to be produced by dendritic cells and by human cultured keratinocytes in healthy skin and in psoriasis - its role in atopic dermatitis has to be defined [22]. Interaction of keratinocytes with activated T cells via CD40-CD40L may enhance IL-23 production and subsequently the IFN-y production by memory T cells [23]. 

Human culture is a curve of expanding potentiality. In our own tormented century it has reached vertical gain. Human beings threaten every species on the planet. We have stockpiled radioactive materials everywhere, and every species on earth can feel this. The planet when viewed as a sentient entity can react to this kind of pressure. It is three billion years old, and it has many options. 

The search for chemical compounds that will cure disease, alleviate pain, or otherwise extend human life and make it more comfortable and pleasurable has been a part of human culture as far back as we know. Those who practice forms of traditional medicine have, over the centuries, developed extensive and sophisticated pharmacopoeias that contain many such compounds extracted from plants, animals, and minerals in their surrounding environments. Modern medical researchers have developed their own treasure chests of drugs, many of which have been derived from traditional medicines, and many others of which have been synthesized from basic materials, often by way of complex chemical reactions. Even after thousands of years of drug research, however, healers are not completely satisfied with the armory of chemicals available for their use. People are constantly searching for new compounds that will act more efficiently and more safely than existing pharmaceuticals and for substances with which to combat new forms of disease. 

The search for chemicals that will provide relief from pain, cure disease and infection, and offer an escape from the real world has been a part of virtually every known human culture. In the earliest period of human civilization, plants, animal products, and minerals were the major source from which such chemicals were obtained. Many of those products—ranging from natural poisons obtained from frogs and certain types of plants to rocky minerals such as compounds of arsenic to mind-altering substances derived from mushrooms and cacti—are still used in at least some parts of the world as a means of capturing prey, for the treatment of disease, or for recreational purposes. Indeed, many pharmaceutical chemists believe that the natural world contains an almost endless supply of yet-to-be-discovered chemicals that will significantly augment the world s supply of drugs. 

Pollution problems are hardly a new phenomenon, unique to the current century. Indeed, the history of every human culture appears to contain stories of the cavalier way we have treated our waste products. Until quite recently, people simply dumped wastes into the nearest river or lake, open pits, or the surrounding air, without thinking about the possible effects of those products on plants, animals, or their own lives. 

The discovery of fennel, cumin and coriander seeds at some ancient burial sites suggests that taste and/or smell was incorporated into human cultural practices very long ago. A few cloves in a charred vessel formd in a settlement on the banks of the Euphrates in Syria have been dated to about ryoo BC and because cloves grew thousands of miles to the east in the Spice Islands, this suggests that NP-rich products were being trade over very long distances at an early stage in human history. ... 

Simpson, I. A. Adderley, W. P. Olsen, B. Urbanczyk, P. In Hybrid Spaces Medieval Finnmark and the Archaeology of Multi-Room Houses, Olsen, B., Ed. The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture Series B, Novus Press Oslo, Norway, 2007 (in press). 

Andrija Puharich, M.D., "The Sacred Mushroom and the Question of its Role in Human Culture." Unpublished research memorandum, 1962. 

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