Being Human

The effects of pollution can be direct, such as toxic emissions providing a fatal dose of toxicant to fish, animal life, and even human beings. The effects also can be indirect. Toxic materials which are nonbiodegradable, such as waste from the manufacture of insecticides and pesticides, if released to the environment, are absorbed by bacteria and enter the food chain. These compounds can remain in the environment for long periods of time, slowly being concentrated at each stage in the food chain until ultimately they prove fatal, generally to predators at the top of the food chain such as fish or birds. 

Ozone, known for its beneficial role as a protective screen against ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere, is a major pollutant at low altitudes (from 0 to 2000 m) affecting plants, animals and human beings. Ozone can be formed by a succession of photochemical reactions that preferentially involve hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emitted by the different combustion systems such as engines and furnaces. 

Of course modem MPI and LPI equipments have all necessary control devices needed to ensure operation at nser defined conditions, but if these conditions have to be controlled by the inspector itsself besides the normal inspection work the human being is still a factor of operating the equipment. 

The most eomprehensive object from the diagnostic point of view still remains the human being with the variety of diagnostic parameters of his different organs, ills and ete. 

As was said in the introduction (Section 2.1), chemical structures are the universal and the most natural language of chemists, but not for computers. Computers woi k with bits packed into words or bytes, and they perceive neither atoms noi bonds. On the other hand, human beings do not cope with bits very well. Instead of thinking in terms of 0 and 1, chemists try to build models of the world of molecules. The models ai e conceptually quite simple 2D plots of molecular sti uctures or projections of 3D structures onto a plane. The problem is how to transfer these models to computers and how to make computers understand them. This communication must somehow be handled by widely understood input and output processes. The chemists way of thinking about structures must be translated into computers internal, machine representation through one or more intermediate steps or representations (sec figure 2-23, The input/output processes defined... 

Higher quality of the resulting patterns The natural capabiUty of human beings to visually recognize patterns and relations can be used and leads to a more effective data mining process. 

The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. 

Beriberi, Thiamine Deficiency. The recognition of vitamins and their importance to the health of human beings came about when Eijkman, a Dutch pathologist, was sent to Java in an attempt to cure an epidemic of beriberi that had appeared in one of the hospitals. Eijkman kept a flock of chickens on the hospital grounds to assist in discovering the disease agent he assumed was involved in the etiology of beriberi. These chickens were fed the scraps from the plates of the hospital patients—primarily poHshed rice, the common food in that part of the world (11). 

Relatively Httie is known about the bioavailabiUty of pantothenic acid in human beings, and only approximately 50% of pantothenic acid present in the diet is actually absorbed (10). Liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, brain, and testes contain high concentrations of pantothenic acid. In healthy adults, the total amount of pantothenic acid present in whole blood is estimated to be 1 mg/L. A significant (2—7 mg/d) difference is observed among different age-group individuals with respect to pantothenic acid intake and urinary excretion, indicating differences in the rate of metaboHsm of pantothenic acid. 

Over time, the market has demanded increasingly sophisticated software. Each successive enhancement in processor speed has been consumed by software that is more complex, even if only in creating a more user-friendly interface. In the past, computer time was expensive relative to labor costs. That situation is now reversed, and spending more for a more user-friendly computer can often be easily justified in order to enhance the productivity of the vasdy more expensive human being. 

The work must also be the product of an author. That is, a human being has created the work, even if at the behest or for the ownership of a corporate entity and even if a machine or device, such as a camera or a computer program, was used as a tool in the creative process. 

Effects of Low Oxygen Levels There are many factors which can affect the abihty of human beings to adjust to lower oxygen levels. For example, two men were accidentally exposed to a low oxygen level in a vessel. One of them died, and one survived without permanent injuiy. The one who died had been in poorer general health and it is believed that this fac tor may have made the low oxygen level fatal for him, while the other person, who was in good health, survived. 

Peroxide oxidation processes in human organism are one of based phenomena that is responsible for homeostasis. For this reason development and investigation of interaction mechanism between different biomacromolecules and lipids peroxide are important for forming complete picture of functioning of human being as biological system. 

One of the primary concerns of all power plants is to ensure high electricity production and reduce hazardous and waste substances. In that way green electricity could be produced. It is essential to monitor the presence and movement of impurities in various measuring sites in air, water and soil [1]. The presence of hazardous species in these eco-systems, even at low-mg/1 levels, has negative effects for nature and human beings [2, 3]. 

The harmful effects of air pollutants on human beings have been the major reason for efforts to understand and control their sources. During the past two decades, research on acidic deposition on water-based ecosystems has helped to reemphasize the importance of air pollutants in other receptors, such as soil-based ecosystems (1). When discussing the impact of air pollutants on ecosystems, the matter of scale becomes important. We will discuss three examples of elements which interact with air, water, and soil media on different geographic scales. These are the carbon cycle on a global scale, the sulfur cycle on a regional scale, and the fluoride cycle on a local scale. 

The presence of air pollutants in the surrounding ambient air is only one aspect of determining the impact on human beings. An air pollution instrument can measure the ambient concentration of a pollutant gas, which may or may not be related to its interaction with individuals. More detailed information about where and for how long we are breathing an air pollutant provides additional informahon about our actual exposure. Finally, how an air pollutant interacts with the human body provides the most useful information about the dose to a target organ or bodily system. 

Toxic chemicals can enter the body in various ways, in particular by swallowing, inhalation and skin absorption. Skin absorption may lead to dermatitis and this can be a most annoying complaint. Whereas some chemicals may have an almost universal effect on human beings, others may attack only a few persons. A person who has worked with a given chemical for some years may suddenly become sensitised to it and from then on be unable to withstand the slightest trace of that material in the atmosphere. He may as a result also be sensitised not only to the specific chemical that caused the initial trouble but to a host of related products. Unfortunately a number of chemicals used in the plastics industry have a tendency to be dermatitic, including certain halogenated aromatic materials, formaldehyde and aliphatic amines. 

The human brain is comprised of many millions of interconnected units, known individually as biological neurons. Each neuron consists of a cell to which is attached several dendrites (inputs) and a single axon (output). The axon connects to many other neurons via connection points called synapses. A synapse produces a chemical reaction in response to an input. The biological neuron fires if the sum of the synaptic reactions is sufficiently large. The brain is a complex network of sensory and motor neurons that provide a human being with the capacity to remember, think, learn and reason. 

ECOTOxicoLOGY The study of toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on living organisms as well as human beings, especially on populations and communities within defined ecosystems. 

The performance of human beings is profoundly influenced by the culture of the organization (see discussion of the right stuff above). Unit/plant/company cultures vary in the degree of decision making by an individual operator. Cultures vary in their approach to the conflict between shutdown for safety versus keep it running at all costs. Personnel in one plant reportedly asked Is it our plant policy to follow the company safety policy In an organization with an inherently safer culture, people would say, "Our plant policy is to follow the company safety policies and standards ... 

Kulstad and Malmsten tested a number of derivatives of l,10-diaza-18-crown-6 (9) for toxicity in mice (intravenous). Compound 9 and the bis-N-2-hydroxyethyl,bis-N-2-carboxamidomethyl, and bis-N-2-carboxymethyl derivatives of 9 were tested and all were found to be toxic in the range of 5—50 mg/kg. At a dose level of 5 mg/kg of 9, the two mice tested were still alive after a week, but at a dose level of 25 mg/kg, the mice died in less than 24 h If these data could be translated directly to human beings, a 100 kg human would require something between 0.5—2.5 g of compound (i.v.) to produce a lethal effect. 

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