Hotspots concept

If ignition is assumed to occur in a hotspot formed at the electrode, the local release of potential energy W = QV/2 is directly proportional to charge while independent of electric field except in the immediate vicinity of the electrode, since this determines the local change in potential. The electric field near the electrode becomes increasingly uniform as electrode radius increases and eventually, uniform field breakdown conditions are approached (C-2.5.3). These concepts allow first approximations for effective energy to be made. First it is assumed that air breakdown occurs at 30 kV/cm and that the electric field is approximately uniform between about 2-5 mm from the electrode (C-2.5.2). Second, it is assumed that minimal ignition occurs in a 3 mm diameter hotspot formed sufficiently far from the electrode to minimize heat losses. This distance is assumed to be about 2 mm. 

Figure 11.7 The microdomain concept of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport. Ca2+ penetrating from outside the cell or released from the ER generates local hotspots of high Ca2+ concentration in the vicinity of mitochondria sufficient to activate their low-affinity Ca2+ uptake system. (From Carafoli, 2002. Copyright (2002) National Academy of Sciences, USA.)...

Macrostructuring measures are a well-known concept for the suppression of hotspots by local dilution of catalyst in multitubular reactors, for example [53]. It is also intuitively obvious that the need for adsorption to enhance an equilibrium reaction is much lower at the front end of the reactor, where kinetics rather than equilibrium are decisive, than downstream. The converse, however is not true in the outlet of such an adsorptive reactor both catalyst and adsorbent are required for maximal conversion. By a judicious selection of the ratio between the two, one can ameliorate the front broadening effects that arise in the reactor outlet. 

The concept of sea water as a gel-like polymeric matrix with colloids and particles embedded as suprapolymeric hotspots comes from the experience of marine microbial ecology [38] (Fig. 6). 

Monte Carlo simulations [15]. The concept of hotspot permitted a straightforward distribution on a grid. In fact, each hotspot can be computed on a different node of the grid. To run a full blind docking calculation, it is necessary to send three files to the Master the receptor and the ligand in pdbqt format, and a text file containing the conservation string. An example of the text file is ... 

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