Hormone signaling cascades

Growth factor and hormone signalling cascades link mTORCl dysregulation to cancer and Hamartoma syndromes. 

Figure 18-6. Control of phosphorylase in muscle. The sequence of reactions arranged as a cascade allows amplification of the hormonal signal at each step, (n = number of glucose residues G6P, glucose 6-phosphate.)...

The transcription factors AP-1 and NFkB are at the end of a signal cascade activated by growth factors (see chapters 9,10,11), The ability of steroid hormone receptors in certain situations to nullify the effect other transcription factors demonstrates that two different signaling pathways can converge at the level of transcription. 

Figure 11-13 (A) A simplified version of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. At left is shown a hormone receptor, e.g., that for the epidermal growth factor (EGF). The receptor tyrosine kinase undergoes autophosphorylation on numerous tyrosines. The resulting phosphotyrosyl (Y-P) groups bind to SH2 domains of adapters such as Grb2 and She.

---