Hormonal secretions

Also called adrena/rne a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that prepares the organism for flight or fight )... 

Nontraditional Hormones. Novel hormones identified ia cardiovascular tissue have profound effects on maintenance of blood pressure and blood volume ia mammals. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is a polypeptide hormone secreted from the atria of the heart. When the cardiac atrium is stretched by increased blood volume, secretion of ANH is stimulated ANH ia turn increases salt and water excretion and reduces blood pressure (6). Endothelin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by endothehal cells throughout the vasculature. Although endothelin is released into the circulation, it acts locally in a paracrine fashion to constrict adjacent vascular smooth muscle and increase blood pressure (7). 

CCK is found in the digestive tract and the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, CCK coexists with DA. In the peripheral nervous system, the two principal physiological actions of CCK are stimulation of gaU. bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. CCK also stimulates glucose and amino acid transport, protein and DNA synthesis, and pancreatic hormone secretion. In the CNS, CCK induces hypothermia, analgesia, hyperglycemia, stimulation of pituitary hormone release, and a decrease in exploratory behavior. The CCK family of neuropeptides has been impHcated in anxiety and panic disorders, psychoses, satiety, and gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretions. 

The class III cytokine receptor family includes two TNE receptors, the low affinity NGE receptor and 7-ceU surface recognition sites that appear to play a role in proliferation, apoptosis, and immunodeficiency. TNE-a (- 17, 000 protein) is produced by astrocytes and microglia and can induce fever, induce slow-wave sleep, reduce feeding, stimulate prostaglandin synthesis, stimulate corticotrophin-releasing factor and prolactin secretion, and reduce thyroid hormone secretion. TNE-a stimulates IL-1 release, is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, and reduces myelination this has been impHcated in multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis. Astrocyte TNE-a receptors mediate effects on IL-6 expression and augment astrocytic expression of MHC in response to other stimulants such as lEN-y. 

Three hormones regulate turnover of calcium in the body (22). 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol is a steroid derivative made by the combined action of the skin, Hver, and kidneys, or furnished by dietary factors with vitamin D activity. The apparent action of this compound is to promote the transcription of genes for proteins that faciUtate transport of calcium and phosphate ions through the plasma membrane. Parathormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland, in response to a fall in extracellular Ca(Il). It acts on bones and kidneys in concert with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to stimulate resorption of bone and reabsorption of calcium from the glomerular filtrate. Calcitonin, the third hormone, is a polypeptide secreted by the thyroid gland in response to a rise in blood Ca(Il) concentration. Its production leads to an increase in bone deposition, increased loss of calcium and phosphate in the urine, and inhibition of the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. 

Xenobiotic induced disruption of female fertility follows essentially the same pattern as that of the male and can be caused by changes in pituitary-hypothalamic function, primary disruption of ovarian structure or hormone secretion, or changes in the rate of hormone deactivation. In addition, there may be changes in the synthesis of estrogen induced production of the yolk protein by the liver (vitellogenesis), which in turn can lead to failure to lay down sufficient yolk in the developing oocytes. Vitellogenesis provides a valuable biomarker for endocrine dysfunction in both sexes,but is more properly considered as part of the liver function. 

Also called adrenaline a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that prepares the organism for "flight or fight.") (A hormone synthesized in the pineal gland. Certain mental disorders are believed to be related to serotonin levels in the brain.)... 

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Horizontale,/. horizontal (line). Horizontierung, /. leveling. Hormonabsonderung, /. hormone secretion, hormonartig, a. of hormone nature, hormonal, hormone-like. 

Oxytocin, a nonapeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, functions by stimulating uterine contraction and lactation during childbirth. Its sequence was determined from the following evidence ... 

Adrenocortical hormone (Section 27.6) A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. There are two types of adrenocortical hormones mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. 

AQP10 has only been identified in the small intestine so far and is thought to play a role in hormonal secretion. AQP11 is expressed in kidney, liver, testis and brain, but no function has been found so far. AQP12 has been identified in pancreatic acinar cells, where it is thought to facilitate the release of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct. 

Nemeth EF (2002) Pharmacological regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Curr Pharm Des 8 2077-2087... 

Excitability refers to the capacity of nerves and other tissues (e.g. cardiac), as well as individual cells, to generate and sometimes propagate action potentials, signals that serve to control intracellular processes, such as muscle contraction or hormone secretion, and to allow for long- and short-distance communication within the organism. Examples of excitable cells and tissues include neurons, muscle and endocrine tissues. Examples of nonexcitable cells and tissues include blood cells, most epithelial and connective tissues. 

Motilin is a 22-amino acid peptide hormone, secreted by the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine,... 

Prolactin is peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It acts on prolactin receptors in breast tissue where it stimulates production of casein and lactalbu-min. It also acts on the testes and ovaries to inhibit the effects of gonadotrophins. Since the secretion of prolactin is under tonic dopaminergic inhibition by the hypothalamus, dopamine D2-receptor antagonists... 

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