High hardness well water case study

He did see considerable promise for polymers of HEC type and the biopolymers xanthan and scleroglucan were also found to be quite acceptable. However, Akstinat did not present very detailed stability results for the polymers in his study. Also, note that in the work of Akstinat, and in the work of Davison and Mentzer (1980), the objective was to find stable polymers for high-salinity brines (in the latter case based on sea water from the North Sea). It is well known, and it is discussed in detail below, that polyacrylamides are severely restricted in their performance in hard brines (i.e. brines containing divalent ions Ca ", Mg " ) (Zaitoun and Poitie, 1983 Moradi-Araghi and Doe, 1984). 

---