Heparinoids, consider

Considering the many interactions of heparinoids with the various proteins and the multitude of resulting biologicd activities, including effects on tumour cell metastasis, angiogenesis, asthma, and immune cell migration in inflammation, it is clear that heparinoids and especially heparinoid mimetics may be useful not only in anticoagulation but also in a series of other indications [31]. 

Having considered the complexes which heparin (and heparinoids and mucopolysaccharides) form, we can ask the question whether such complexes are present in the materials as prepared. It is self-evident that such complexes must be present and this immediately explains why heparin usually occurs as a multi-component system. 

If the overdose amount is unknown, consider an empiric dose of 25-50 mg given over 15 minutes. The anti-Xa lla factor ratios vary for LMWH products and If high, as with a LMW heparinoid (eg, danaparoid), protamine may be ineffective. Anti-factor Xa activity levels and aPTT values are usually not completely reversed, but the hemorrhagic effect may be neutralized. LMWHs have longer half-lives (4-6 hours) and accumulate with renal insufficiency therefore, coagulopathies may persist and protamine should be considered even several hours after the overdose. 

---