Hemodynamic monitoring normal values

Invasive hemodynamic monitoring usually is performed with a flow-directed pulmonary artery (PA) or Swan-Ganz catheter placed percutaneously through a central vein and advanced through the right side of the heart and into the PA. Inflation of a balloon proximal to the end port allows the catheter to wedge, yielding the PAOP, which estimates the pulmonary venous (left atrial) pressure and, in the absence of intracardiac shunt or mitral valve or pulmonary disease, left ventricular diastolic pressure. Additionally, cardiac output may be measured and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) calculated. Normal values for hemodynamic parameters are listed in Table 14—12. 

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