Helianthus

Compositae (composite) Helianthus annuus Argentina, FSU, EU-15, United States edible oil, animal feed, food... 

Guy, R.D. Wample, R.L. (1984). Stable carbon isotope ratios of flooded and non- flooded sunflowers Helianthus annuus). Canadian Journal of Botany, 62, 1770-4. 

Turner, N.C., Schulze, B.-D. Gollan, T. (1985). The response of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content. II. In the mesophytic herbaceous species Helianthus annuus. Oecologia, 65, 348-55. 

Kentolysin Compared to Heliantholysin. Stoichactis helianthus occurs in the Caribbean region whereas another species, Stoichactis kenti is distributed in the Indo-Pacific area. The latter produces a toxin, kentolysin, that is similar to, but not identical with heliantholysin (6). The amino acid compositions of the two polypeptides show a distinct resemblance but appear to differ significantly in number of residues of lysine, methionine, tyrosine and histidine. IgG from a rabbit immunized against heliantholysin neutralizes both heliantholysin and kentolysin, but neutralization of the homologous toxin is more efficient (Table III). It can be seen that in the concentrations used, the IgG failed to neutralize the related lytic peptides of Condylactis gigantea and Epiactis prolifera. 

Stoichactis (Stichodactyla) helianthus. It has recently been shown by CM-cellulose chromatography that heliantholysin consists of four isotoxins having different N-terminal amino acid sequences (Kern and Dunn, in press). Designated I to IV in order of increasing isoelectric pH, toxins I and II had one additional amino acid at the amino terminus than did toxin III. Toxin IV had a seven residue extension at the amino terminus relative to toxin III. Toxin HI and toxin II contributed 83% and 14% of the total hemolytic activity, respectively, and toxins I and FV together about 3%. 

Anthozoa Zloanthraria Actiniaria Stoichactiidae Stoichactis sp. (Radianthus kosierensis, Gyrostoma helianthus)... 

The actions of proteins isolated from sea anemones, or other coelenterates, involve mechanisms different from those described for saponins. Thus, hemolysins from sea anemone R macrodactylus are capable of forming ion channels directly in membranes (98). The basic protein from S. helianthus also forms channels in black-lipid membranes. These channels are permeable to cations and show rectification (99). This ability of S. helianthus toxin III to form channels depends upon the nature of the host lipid membrane (100). Cytolysin S. helianthus binds to sphingomyelin and this substance may well serve as the binding site in cell membranes (101-106). 

Fig. 2.57 Map showing sites for Brickellia cylindrica (Be) and Helianthus maximiliani (Hm) studies...

Fig. 2.59 Compounds 193-198 from Helianthus maximiliani 199-201 from Ambrosia ambrosioi-des 202-205 from Ambrosia camphorata...

Gershenzon, J. and Mabry, T. J. 1984. Sesquiterpene lactones from a Texas population of Helianthus maximiliaiti. Phytochemistry 23 1959-1966. 

Herz, W. and Kumar, N. 1981. Heliangolides from Helianthus maximiliani. Phytochemistry 20 93-98. 

Millichip, M. et al.. Purification and characterization of oil-bodies (oleosomes) and oil-body boundary proteins (oleosins) from the developing cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Biochem. J., 314, 333, 1996. 

Immunologically active polysaccharides from cell suspension of Helianthus annuus 1805... 

A considerable amount of extracellular polysaccharides is produced in the process of cultivation of certain plant suspension cultures and the spent culture medium has proved to be an accessible source for their production (1-3). The interest in investigating these extracellular polysaccharides has been quite strong over the past 10-15 years, motivated by their biological activity (4,5). Plants of the Asteraceae family, as well as their cell cultures, have been established to contain polysaccharides with immunostimulating activity (1-6). The object of our research was Helianthus annuus 1805 cell culture (Asteraceae), which according to the preliminary investigation produces a considerable amount of exopolysaccharides. 

Cell culture and biosynthesis of polysaccharides. The Helianthus annuus 1805 cell culture was initiated according to a previously described method (7), using germs of Helianthus annuus as an explant. 

Growth of the Helianthus annuus 1805 cell suspension and biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides. A particular characteristic of plant cell suspensions is the requirement for a high inoculation density in order to initiate growth. This is due to one of their special features in order that their growth be initiated when transferred into the new medium, they need certmn growth factors which are released and secreted into the medium by the cells themselves. Consequently, to ensure the growth of plant cell suspensions, a certain volume (in which plant cells have to be present at above certain densities) has to be used to import the necessary quantity of these substances (17). 

Fig. 1. Growth of Helianthus annuus 1805 cell suspension inoculated with different amounts of inoculum...

Obtaining and characteristics of the polysaccharides from culture medium of the Helianthus... 

Cell culture. The Helianthus annuus 1805 cell culture was grown in Linsmayer-Skoog medium (9), supplemented with 0.2 mg/L 2.4 - dichlorphenoxyacetic acid and 3% sucrose. The callus cultures were kept in an agar medium of the same composition. They were grown in a thermostat in the dark at 26-28 °C for two weeks and could be stored up to two months in a refrigerator. 

Sunflower plant Helianthus annuus L.) is an important crop in Portugal and its head residues, remaining on soil after the seeds have been removed for oil industry, are one of the richest sources of low-methoxyl pectin (ca 19% original dry matter), the most important property being the ability to form gels even without sugar addition, if correct amounts of divalent ions (usually calcium) are present. 

Experimental low-methoxyl pectin was obtained from dry heads (without seeds) of sunflower Helianthus annus L.). The extraction of pectin was carried out according to the method of Lin et al. (1975) with slight modifications. Only oxalate-soluble fraction which was submitted to consecutive treatments of purification as described previously was considered (Leitao et al., 1995). 

B. Frenzel, Ziir Atiologie der Anrcicherung von Animosarum und Amiden im Wurzelraum von Helianthus annus. Planta. 55 169 (I960). 

The phenolic and related components present in stems and leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., and Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., were extracted sequentially and their activity as phytotoxic agents evaluated. Total acids and neutral compounds were isolated by extraction with methanol, acetone, and water. The free acids and neutral compounds were partitioned into the organic phase, whereas the acids, present as esters and aglycones, were liberated by subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the aqueous phase. 

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