Heart failure treating

Severe diabetes mellitus has been described in a patient with heart failure treated with carvedilol and furosemide (41). 

Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB, et al. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. RADIANCE Study, N Engl J Med 1993 329 1-7. 

The efficacy of p-AR blockade appears to be superior in achieving reverse remodeling and this is more directly dose-related than that of ACE inhibitors (Frigerio and Roubina 2005). Recently, in a clinical trial examining the effects of metoprolol and atenolol, it was found that patients with heart failure treated with metoprolol... 

Lainscak, M., Keber, I., and Anker, S.D. 2006. Body composition changes in patients with systolic heart failure treated with p blockers a pilot study. Int. J. Cardiol. 106 319-322. 

Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R, Anand I, Dunkman WB, Loeb H, Cintron G, Boden W, Barnch L, Rochin P, Loss L. Effect of the calcinm antagonist felodipine as snp-plementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril V-HeFT III. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation 1997 96(3) 856-63. 

Renal insufficiency can occur in patients with heart failure treated with carvedilol, usually when pre-existing renal insufficiency, low blood pressure, or diffuse vascular disease are present (2). Patients at high risk of renal dysfunction should be carefully monitored, particularly at the beginning of treatment, and the drug should be withdrawn in case renal function worsens. 

Hardig L, Daae C, DeUborg M, Kontny F, Bohmer T. Reduced thiamine phosphate, but not thiamine diphosphate, in erythrocytes in elderly patients with congestive heart failure treated with furosemide. J Intern Med 2000 247(5) 597-600. 

Takei K. Case report three cases of acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure treated with milrinone. Ther Res 1999 20 245-51. 

Elkayam U, Johnson JV, Shotan A, Bokhari S, Solodky A, Canetti M, Wani OR, Karaalp IS. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of organic nitrates in patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Circulation 1999 99(20) 2652-7. 

Alon US, Scagliotti D, Garola RE. Nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis in infants with congestive heart failure treated with furo-semide. J Pediatr 1994 125 149-151. 

Gheorghiade M, Hall VB, Jacobsen G, et al. Effects of increasing maintenance doses of digoxin on left ventricular function and neurohormones in patients with chronic heart failure treated with diuretics and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 1995 92 1801-1807. 

Aumegeat V, Lamblin N, de Groote P, et al. Aspirin does not adversely affect survival in patients with stable congestive heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Chest 2003 124 1250-1258. 

Philbin EE, Jenkins PL. Differences between patients with heart failure treated by cardiologists, internists, family physicians, and other physicians Analysis of alarge, statewide database. AmHeart J 2000 139 491— 496. 

Thackray SD, Ghosh JM, Wright GA, Witte KK, Nikitin NP, Kaye GC, Clark AL, Tweddel A, Cleland JG (2006) The effect of altering heart rate on ventricular function in patients with heart failure treated with (3-blockers. Am Heart J 152 713.e9-713.el3 Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH (2005) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning toxicity. Toxicol Rev 24 205-214... 

Alon US (1997) Nephrocalcinosis. Pediatrics 9 160-165 Alon US, Scagliotti D, Garola RE (1994) Nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis in infants with congestive heart failure treated with furosemide. J Pediatr 125 149-151 Arikyants N, Sarkissian A, Hesse A et al (2007) Xanthinuria type I-a rare cause of urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 22 310-314... 

Artificial Hearts. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common cause of disabiHty and death. It is estimated that three to four million Americans suffer from this condition. Medical therapy in the form of inotropic agents, diuretics (qv), and vasofilators is commonly used to treat this disorder (see Cardiovascularagents). Cardiac transplantation has become the treatment of choice for medically intractable CHF. Although the results of heart transplantation are impressive, the number of patients who might benefit far exceeds the number of potential donors. Long-term circulatory support systems may become an alternative to transplantation (5). 

The PDE3 inhibitor, cilostazol, has been used as an antithrombotic agent and is currently being used in patients being treated for intermittent claudication. Cilostazol is also used for the prevention of restenosis after treatments such as angioplasty. Another PDE3 selective inhibitor, milrinone, has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Milrinone also has been shown to increase the conductance of the CFTR transporter in vitro. 

ACE inhibitors do not completely block aldosterone synthesis. Since this steroid hormone is a potent inducer of fibrosis in the heart, specific antagonists, such as spironolactone and eplerenone, have recently been very successfully used in clinical trials in addition to ACE inhibitors to treat congestive heart failure [5]. Formerly, these drugs have only been applied as potassium-saving diuretics in oedematous diseases, hypertension, and hypokalemia as well as in primary hyperaldosteronism. Possible side effects of aldosterone antagonists include hyperkalemia and, in case of spironolactone, which is less specific for the mineralocorticoid receptor than eplerenone, also antiandrogenic and progestational actions. 

Labetalol is used in the treatment of hypertension, either alone or in combination with another drag such as a diuretic. Carvedilol is used to treat essential hypertension and in congestive heart failure to reduce progression of the disease. 

If the drug is given is given to treat congestive heart failure (ie, carvedilol), the patient is assessed for evidence of the disease, such as dyspnea (especially on exertion), peripheral edema, distended neck veins, and cough. 

The cardiotonics are dm used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle which leads to improved blood flow to all tissues of the body. The drug s have long been used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF), a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the tissue needs of the body. While the term congestive heart failure continues to be used by some, a more accurate term is simply heart failure. ... 

WO 92 101 82-88 (SmithKline Beecham appl. 12.12.1991 GB-prior 14.12.1990). use to treat symptomatic heart failure ... 

Patients with asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction and hypertension should be treated with P-blockers and ACE inhibitors. Those with heart failure secondary to left ventricular dysfunction and hypertension should be treated with drugs proven to also reduce the morbidity and mortality of heart failure, including P-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists, and diuretics for symptom control as well as antihypertensive effect. In African-Americans with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, combination therapy with nitrates and hydralazine not only affords a morbidity and mortality benefit, but may also be useful as antihypertensive therapy if needed.66 The dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers amlodipine or felodipine may also be used in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction for uncontrolled blood pressure, although they have no effect on heart failure morbidity and mortality in these patients.49 For patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, antihypertensive therapies that should be considered include P-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers (including nondihydropyridine agents), diuretics, and others as needed to control blood pressure.2,49... 

TABLE 3-9. Intravenous Diuretics Used to Treat Heart Failure-Related Fluid Retention... 

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