Hayes-Hunter-Kammerer Synthesis

Noting Zinke s claim to have isolated cyclic tetramers from the condensation of p-substituted phenols and formaldehyde, Hayes and Hunter in 1956 sought to 

The Hayes and Hunter stepwise synthesis has certain drawbacks it is long and 

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Recognizing the deficiencies in the Hayes and Hunter synthesis, Bohmer, Chhim, and Kammerer 96) have explored a more convergent approach which retains much of the flexibility of the sequential approach. It involves the condensation of a linear trimer (29) with a 2,6-iwhalomethylphenol (30), as illustrated in Scheme 3. Although short, this method suffers from quite low yields in the cyclization step, ranging from... 

Many years before Gutsche found effective synthetic procedures for the various calixarenes, Hayes and Hunter [14] reported a stepwise preparation of calixarenes. This method was many years later investigated in Mainz by Herman Kammerer and by Volker Bohmer [15]. Their method comprises the tedious synthesis of linear precursors and their subsequent cyclisation. 

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