Hamster, adrenals

Inhalation of monomethylhydrazine was not carcinogenic in rats or dogs, but mice exposed at 2 ppm for 1 y exhibited an increased incidence of lung tumors, nasal adenomas, nasal polyps, nasal osteomas, hemangioma, and liver adenomas and carcinomas. Hamsters exposed at 2 or 5 ppm exhibited an increased incidence in nasal polyps, interstitial fibrosis of the kidney, and benign adrenal adenomas. An increase in nasal adenomas was seen in hamsters exposed at 5 ppm. 

Intermediate-Duration Exposure.No studies are available on the adverse health effects from intermediate-duration exposure in humans by any route. Studies in animals indicate that exposure to endrin via inhalation can be lethal and causes effects on the nervous and respiratory systems, the liver, the brain, adrenals, and kidneys (Treon et al. 1955). Since systemic effects were observed at levels which caused death, data are not sufficient to derive an intermediate-duration inhalation MRL. Animal studies also demonstrate that oral intermediate-duration exposure can lead to death in several species (rat, mouse, hamster, rabbit, monkeys, cat) (Treon et al. 1955). Endrin was lethal in rabbits following dermal exposure (Treon et al. 1955). No other treatment-related disorders are known. Additional studies for oral and dermal routes using a range of exposure levels would be useful in identifying potential target tissues. 

Cloutier M, Fleury A, Courtemanche J, Ducharme L, Mason JI, et al. 1997. Characterization of the adrenal cytochrome P450C17 in the hamster, a small animal model for the study of adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone biosynthesis. DNA Cell Biol 16 357-368. 

Other Systemic Effects. Data regarding other systemic effects in humans after inhalation exposure to acrolein were not located in the literature. Decreased body weights and increased adrenal weights after acute exposures were reported in rats (Murphy et al. 1964). In intermediate duration studies, depressed body weight gains were reported in rats, hamsters, monkeys, and rabbits (Bouley et al. 1975 Feron et al. 1978 Kutzman et al. 1985 Leach et al. 1987 Lyon et al. 1970). In the absence of... 

Chrysotile (short range) Syrian hamster 0.66 30% >4.5 im Adrenal cortical adenomas (males) Not significant compared to historical controls Not carcinogenic NTP 1990a... 

Fig. 1. Pertussis toxin-mediated ADP ribosylation of membrane G proteins. Isolated cell membranes (50 ng of protein) from N1E 115 cells (mouse neuroblastoma cell line), N2A cells (mouse neuroblastoma cell line), S49-1 eye cells (S49(-) mutated mouse lymphoma cell line deficient in Ga ), 549 wt cells (wild-type mouse lymphoma cell line), RBL (RBL 2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cell line), GH3 cells (GH3 rat hypophyseal tumor cell line), PC-12 (rat pheochromocytoma cell line), HIT-T15 cells (hamster insulinoma cell line), Y-1 cells (mouse adrenal cortex tumor cell line), 108 cc 15 cells (mouse/rat neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell line), HL-60 cells (DMSO-differentiated human leukemia cell line), HL-60 (+PT) cells (HL-60 cells pretreated with 25 ng/ml of pertussis toxin for 24 h prior to preparation of membranes), RINm5F cells (rat insulinoma cell line), and C6-2 cells (rat glioma cell line) were subjected to P-ADP-ribosylation as described in section 4.3.3. Samples were precipitated as outlined in section 4.3.5 and subjected to SDS-PAGE with separating gels containing 8% acrylamide (w/v). An autoradiogram of the dried gel is shown. Molecular masses of marker proteins are indicated (kDa). Modified Ga proteins migrate at approximately 40 kDa. Radioactivity running in front of the 30 kDa marker protein comigrates with the dye front...

Normally, antimony is absorbed slowly when ingested or administered orally. Many antimony compounds are gastrointestinal irritants. The emetic antimony potassium tartrate is easily absorbed and, within 24 h, 50% is excreted in the urine (hamsters). Antimony can concentrate in lung tissue, the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the kidneys, and the liver. The trivalent compounds of antimony concentrate in the red blood cells and liver and the pentavalent compounds concentrate in the blood plasma. Both forms are excreted in feces and urine, but generally. 

Endocrine Effects. Degeneration of the adrenals was noted in female mice exposed to 1.1 mg/kg/day or more hydrazine for 25 weeks (Biancifiori 1970). No adverse effects were noted in the thyroid of mice exposed to 9.3 mg/kg/day hydrazine for 25 weeks. Similarly, no effects were observed in the thyroid or adrenals of hamsters exposed to 5.3 mg/kg/day hydrazine for 15-20 weeks (Biancifiori 1970). 

Endocrine Effects. Mice exposed to hydrazine for 25 weeks e diibited degeneration of the adrenals, but no adverse effects in the thyroid, while exposed hamsters e diibited no effects in either organ (Biancifiori 1970). Overall, there is little evidence that the endocrine system is a major target of hydrazines. 

A cytosolic sulfotransferase has been identified in rat liver and kidney which utilizes 3 -phosphoadenosine-5 -phosphosulfate (PAPS) and shows a greater rate of sulfation for glycolithocholate than lithocholate. In an assay with the enzyme preparation, PAPS, and conjugated bile acids, 3 unidentified products were formed from taurocholate suggesting multiple sulfation of more polar conjugated bile acids [64]. The enzyme from liver, proximal intestine or adrenals of hamster produced only glycochenodeoxycholate 7-sulfate. Comparable results with the enzyme from kidney will be discussed in Section VI.3. Hepatic enzyme from the female hamster shows 4-fold greater activity than that of the male [65]. 

The most common method of transplanting tumors is by subcutaneous (usually near the abdominal wall or the thigh) inoculation. Other sites of tumor implantation include muscle (usually the leg), peritoneal cavity, kidney, liver, adrenal, spleen, ovaries, uterus, and intestine. In order to observe the tumor while it is growing, several investigators have transplanted tumors in transparent windows or chambers placed on the rabbit ear, hamster cheek pouch or dorsal skin of rodents (Fig. 1). 

Mathieu, A.R, R.J. Auchus, and J.G. LeHoux (2002). Comparison of the hamster and human adrenal P450cl7 (17ot-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 80, 99-107. 

Albers, H. E., L. Yogev, R. B. Todd, and B. D. Goldman. 1985. Adrenal corticoids in hamsters Role in circadian timing. American Journal of Physiology 248 R434-38. 

Table 1. Effects of treatment with cats urine on body weight, adrenal weight, and reproductive organs in 30-day-old Campbell s hamsters...

Figure 4. Urinary and reproductive tract of a male fetal hamster taken from a dam given an intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg sodium arsenate on the 8th day of pregnancy and recovered on day 15. Note the undescended testis and the uilateral renal agenesis The adrenals are present. (About x 6).

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