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Morphine is biosynthesized from norreticuline through intramolecular oxidative coupling of the electron-rich aromatic rings, transformation that is difficult to achieve with chemical oxidizing agents. The most convenient synthesis, illustrated in Scheme 23, consists of partial saturation of the aromatic ring by the Birch reaction followed by an acid-Catalyzed Grewe-type cyclization to form the required tetracyclic skeleton (48). [Pg.222]

See other pages where Grewe-type cyclization is mentioned: [Pg.293] [Pg.1300] [Pg.293] [Pg.1300] [Pg.59] [Pg.399] [Pg.43] [Pg.58] [Pg.1147]