Gravitational potential driven flow

Hydrological Gravitational water flows Water and atmosphere circulation Sedimentation, suspensions Thermal water and gas flows Evaporation, condensation, precipitation Chemical, density-driven currents Chemical stratification of waters Evaporative mixing Chemical potential-driven flows, diffusion... 

It is in precisely these luminous and starbursting galaxies (that are often heavily obscured) that conventional techniques for d3mamicalmass measurement become problematical. Studies of kinematics based on gas velocities in the ISM require the assumption that the gas responds only to the gravitational potential. This assumption is a risky one in starbursts, in view of the large scale flows, as driven by supemovae and bar-mediated shodcs, that are known to play an important role in the gas kinematics of these regions. 

Figure 6-5 indicates that the C>2-evolution step and the electron flow mediated by the plastoquinones and the Cyt b(f complex lead to an accumulation of H+ in the lumen of a thylakoid in the light. This causes the internal H+ concentration, c, or activity, to increase. These steps depend on the light-driven electron flow, which leads to electron movement outward across the thylakoid in each of the two photosystems (see Fig. 5-19). Such movements of electrons out and protons in can increase the electrical potential inside the thylakoid (E ) relative to that outside ( °), allowing an electrical potential difference to develop across a thylakoid membrane. By the definition of chemical potential (fij = jx + RT In cij 4- ZjFE Eq. 2.4 with the pressure and gravitational terms omitted see Chapter 3, Section 3.1), the difference in chemical potential of H+ across a membrane is...

In Section 6.3.1, we cover external forces, specifically gravitational, electrical and centrifugal forces inertial force is also included here. In Section 6.3.2, chemical potential gradient driven equilibrium separation processes involving vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid, solid-melt and solid-vapor systems are considered the processes are flash vaporization, flash devolatilization, batch distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, zone melting, normal freezing and drying. Section 6.3.3 illustrates a number of membrane separation processes in the so-called dead-end filtration mode achieved when the feed bulk flow is parallel to the... 

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