Carbon nanostructures graphitic

Figure 2.1 Preparation of graphitic carbon nanostructures using a microwave induced solid state process.

Yuan J, Giordano C, Antonietti M (2010) Ionic liquid monomers and polymers as precursors of highly conductive, mesoporous, graphitic carbon nanostructures. Chem Mater 22 5003-5012... 

M. Sevilla, C. Sanchis, T. Valdes-Solis, E. Morallon, A.B. Fuertes, 2008, Direct Synthesis Of Graphitic Carbon Nanostructures From Saccharides And Their Use As Electrocatalytic Supports, Carbon, 46, 6, 931-939. 

In addition to diamond and amorphous films, nanostructural forms of carbon may also be formed from the vapour phase. Here, stabilisation is achieved by the formation of closed shell structures that obviate the need for surface heteroatoms to stabilise danghng bonds, as is the case for bulk crystals of diamond and graphite. The now-classical example of closed-shell stabilisation of carbon nanostructures is the formation of C o molecules and other Fullerenes by electric arc evaporation of graphite [38] (Section 2.4). 

In the course of the experiments conducted in parallel with the described method the carbon nanostructures have been produced by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and by arc evaporation of graphite in the gas phase in order to compare physical and chemical peculiarities of the formation of nanostructures and morphology of their structure. 

Synthesis of carbon nanostructures by pyrolysis and arc discharge in the gas phase has been performed by the known methods. Synthesis in the liquid phase has been carried out on the installation designed specially for these studies (Fig. 2). This installation allows metal and graphite electrodes to be evaporated in the liquid medium at the temperature from 4 to 340 K using an electric arc. The arc temperature near a cathode may be as much as 1,2-104 K at currents of 200-300A (Fig. 3). 

Nechaev, Yu.S. and Alekseeva, O.K. (2004) Methodological, applied, and thermodynamic aspects of hydrogen sorption by graphite and related carbon nanostructures, Russian Chemistry Reviews 73(12), 1308-1337. 

Keywords polyacrylonitrile, IR pyrolysis, graphite, carbon nanotubes, nanostructured carbon, transmission electron microscopy... 

Thus, the carbon phase of obtained metal-carbon nanocomposites represents in reality the carbon-carbon nanocomposite of main graphite-like structure with array of carbon nanostructures such as bamboo-like CNT, spherical or octahedral carbon nanoparticles. 

IR pyrolysis of PAN and PAN based composites yields ordered graphite-like structure as well as several carbon nanostructures, which were studied by means of Raman spectroscopy, XRD, including XRPA and TEM. The interlayer distance in graphite-like phase decreases and crystallite size grows with irradiation intensity... 

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