Graphite electrodes, characteristics

As mentioned above, the typical positive electrode material is LiCo02, and there are typically two types of negative electrode materials, such as coke and graphite. The characteristics of lithium-ion batteries constructed using these electrode materials are discussed below. 

These drawbacks can be avoided to a large extent, using the voltammetry of microparticles—a technique involving solid state electrochemistry where down to about 10 to 10 mol of sample [74-78] can be transferred by abrasion into the surface of an inert electrode, usually paraffin-impregnated graphite electrodes, and the electrode is later immersed in a suitable electrolyte for recording its voltam-metric response. The response of this sample-modified electrode, consisting of the reduction or oxidation of the solid materials, becomes phase-characteristic. 

Current-Voltage Characteristics of Platinoid and Graphite Electrodes in Air. The SPE sensor cells have been optimized for detection of certain oxidizable or reducible species in air. To achieve this, the sensing electrode is maintained at a voltage when there is minimal interference by the O2 in the air. The two electrodes studied in detail have been platinoid and graphite sensing electrodes. 

The use of graphite electrodes is responsible for the observed characteristic emission lines of radicals and organic functional groups (e.g. cyanogen CN bands between 320 and 400 nm) and also for the background continuum they generate. 

Viscosity is an important characteristic of pitches used as binders for the production of carbon and graphite electrodes. We used a Haake balance to measure SCT, petroleum and coal tar pitch viscosity, SCT pitches have viscosity between 1000-4000 cps at 160°C, A comparison of the viscosity-temperature relationship of two SCT pitches prepared by thermal and catalytic processes, a commercial petroleum and a coal tar pitch used for the production of carbon anodes is given in Figure 2. 

This can be performed successfully both on metal electrodes (e.g. copper) or with graphite electrodes which have been previously impregnated with a solution of Apiezon (e.g. in benzene). In the latter case carriers such as CsCl may be useful so as to increase the line to background ratios as a result of their influence on the current voltage characteristics [354]. The copper arc method has found use in the determination of the rare earths in solutions, which was historically important in radiochemistry related topics [355-357]. 

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