Graphene novel devices

Since 2004 [183], graphene research has evolved from a heavily theoretical and fundamental field into a variety of research areas [301]. Its electrical, magnetic, physical-mechanical, and chemical properties position it as the most promising material for molecular electronic and optoelectronic applications, possibly replacing the currently used silicon and metal oxide based devices. Nonetheless, further research is essential in order to control easily such properties and construct devices with specific and novel architectures to explore in depth all of these exciting properties, as well as to achieve the synthesis of large-scale, size- and layer-count controlled graphene. 

Liu Z, Liu Q, Huang Y et al (2008) Organic photovoltaic devices based on a novel acceptor material graphene. Adv Mater 20 3924—3930... 

Sun, H., You,X., Deng, J., Chen, X., Yang, Z., Ren, J., Peng, H., 2014a. Novel graphene/carbon nanotube composite fibers for efhcient wire-shaped miniature energy devices. Adv. Mater. 26,2868-2873. 

However, there are still problems in fulfilling their potential applications in nanoscale devices such as the reproducibility and or controllability of individual polymer, the stability of the doping level and the improving processability of CPs due to the complicated microstructures of conjugated polymers and graphene-based fillers. The studies are still desired on novel... 

The future applications of 2D nanocrystals will be many and varied. It is possible to speculate over potential uses such as in electronic components and high performance nanocomposites. It is not, of course, necessary to use different individual types of 2D nanocrystals and hybrid systems have already been investigated. It is possible to create multilayer heterostructures and devices with designed electronic properties by stacking various 2D atomic nanocrystals crystals, such as graphene and boron nitride, on top of each other. These are essentially new forms of matter and the scope for developing hybrid systems is clearly vast and a whole host of unexpected applications of these novel materials will no doubt be forthcoming. 

Until now, the fabrication of defect-free high-quality graphene in large areas, which is critical for nanoelectronic devices, is still a big challenge. Surely, the establishment of controllable approaches for specific applications is the precondition toward real application. Various methods have been developed and more novel fabrication methods are still emerging. In this section, the most important preparation methods that have been used so far will be discussed in detail. 

Graphenes are two-dimensional rme-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms, having a thickness of 0.34 nm, and are well known for electronic, mechanical, optical, thermal, and catalytic systems [5]. It has been used in the development of novel nanomaterials in various applications, such as electronic devices [4, 5, 160-162], nanoelectronics [163], composites [164], electron microscopy substrate materials [165], and catalysis [166]. While these applications have attracted attention of scientists in the nanomaterial area, the realization of potential applications is limited by difficulties in mass production of graphene. 

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