Graphene and Derivatives

The composites of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and PPy nanowires with different mass ratios were synthesized using in situ polymerization of Py monomer in the presence of GO suspension with different ingredient 

Singh and Chandra fabricated high-energy-density supercapacitor based on the GO/PPy composites by exfoliation of the GO sheets via intercalation of PPy [42]. A SC of 181 F/g in 1 mol/L Na2SO aqueous electrolyte with a corresponding specific energy density of 56.5 Wh/kg could be achieved when being used as the electrode materials for supercapacitors. 

Zhang et al demonstrated a general approach to the preparation of the layered sandwiched composites of GO and conducting polymers of different morphologies, on the basis of the electrostatic interactions between negatively charged GO sheets and positively charged surfactant micelles [43]. The composite exhibited an excellent electro-capacitive performance 

The GNS as a support material could supply a large number of active sites for PPy nanoparticles after being modified with SDS, while the PPy nanoparticles could not be immobilized onto the surfaces of GNS without SDS in the in situ polymerization. The GNS/PPy composite exhibited 

Biswas and Drzal integrated the polymerized nanostructure PPy with GNS in a directed self-assembly approach governed by the large van der Waal s force of attraction between the graphene basal plane and the tt 

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Abstract Materials properties show a dependence on the dimensionality of the systems studied. Due to the increased importance of surfaces and edges, lower-dimensional systems display behavior that may be widely different from their bulk counterparts. As a means to complement the newly developed experimental methods to study these reduced dimensional systems, a large fraction of the theoretical effort in the field continues to be channeled towards computer simulations. This chapter reviews briefly the computational methods used for the low dimensional materials and presents how the materials properties change with dimensionality. Low dimensional systems investigated are classified into a few broad classes OD nanoparticles, ID nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, and 2D graphene and derivatives. A comprehensive literature win guide the readers interest in computational materials sciences. 

Similar results may be expected if larger coronenes are deposited, which have a similar structure to graphene layers, e.g. hexaphenylbenzene, hexa-pen-hexabenzocoronene, and derivatives on Cu(l 11) [67]. 

The majority of recent publications on the investigation of carbon nanostructures are devoted to graphene and its derivatives. Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms packed into a dense hexagonal lattice that can be considered as an ideal realization of a two-dimensional material... 

Jana, M., P. Khanra, N. C. Murmu, P. Samanta, J. H. Lee, and T. Kuila. 2014. Covalent surface modification of chemically derived graphene and its application as supercapacitor electrode material. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16 7618—7626. 

Instead of being used as fillers to enhance the performance of polymers, graphene and its derivatives can be applied as 2D templates for polymer decoration via covalent or noncovalent functionalization. The polymers here are used to improve the solubility of the graphene derivatives, and offer additional functionality to the resulting graphene-pol5mier composites. 

Graphene is actually the single 2-D layer of graphite with one-atom-thick, sp -bonded honeycomb carbon lattice. This material was first isolated from graphite by exfoliation with adhesive tape in 2004 and fabrication methods of graphene have expanded quickly since then. Graphene and its derivatives are such new carbon nanostructures that their research and applications in orthopedics are still limited. Here, their fabrication methods are briefly overviewed and the readers can refer to literature [40] for more details. 

Srinivas G, Burress J, YUdirim T (2012) Graphene oxide derived crubons (GODCs) synthesis and gas adsorption properties. Energy Environ Sci 5 6453-6459... 

Figure 5.2 An illustration of various applications of graphene and its derivatives.

The incredible use of graphene and its derivatives worldwide draws special attention to the exploration of fundamental information about this miracle material as presented below. 

In the subsequent sections we have given an overall view of graphene and its derivatives starting from its synthesis strategies to its potential applications through its various physicochemical fundamental properties. 

Graphene and its derivatives possess outstanding optical, electrical, electronics, thermal and mechanical properties owing to its unique structural motif, even at only a thickness of one atom, which are depicted in the subsequent sections. 

Recently, the unique properties of graphene and its derivatives have been exploited for efficient energy conversion (e.g., solar cell and fuel cell) and their storage (e.g., rechargeable battery and supercapacitor) in pursuance of its widespread application [218]. 

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