Grains radiography

Intensifying screens of one kind or another are routinely used for x-ray radiography but not for diffraction. Most film manufacturers make orfe or more kinds of film designed for radiography and another kind for diffraction, whether for the Laue or powder method (Chap. 6). Diffraction films are faster and have coarser grain. They are designed for use without an intensifying screen and are often named no screen to emphasize this fact. 

G.19 A. Taylor. X-Ray Metallography (New York Wiley, 1961). X-ray diffraction, radiography, and microradiography. Structures of metals and alloys determination of phase diagrams, texture, grain size, and residual stress chemical analysis and studies of ceramics. 

It has been claimed that the immunological assays are more reliable than x-ray and fragment count methods (Kitto et al., 1994 Quinn et al., 1992). It has been shown that with radiography, one can detect only 50% of second instar larvae and nearly 100% of the other stages of S. granarius, whereas iELISA is sensitive to detect even first instar larvae having 1 jj g of myosin/ insect (Schatzki et al., 1993). In wheat, iELISA can detect hidden infestation of 6 0.8 insects/50 g of grain, and that is of interest to the millers in the United States. 

X-radiography is extensively used to obtain images of internal structural features, like cracks and steel fibres, but also other elements -aggregate grains and voids. The images of fibre structures are discussed in Section 6.6. 

---