Grain refinement recrystallization

The addition of Ag to Pb in the range of 0.01-0.1 wt% provides high resistance to recrystallization, grain refinement, and high creep strength. Eutectic Pb-Ag... 

Recrystallization and grain refinement are important strengthening mechanisms to increase the fracture toughness and strength of materials. The magnitude of strengthening is determined by the HaU—Fetch relationship (Greer et al., 2011) ... 

The low ductility of these ferritic weld steels has also been attributed to their large grain size, because grain refinement can be produced only by working and recrystallization due to the absence of a phase transformation. As described above, the addition of rare earths is very effective on grain refinement (see section 3.3) therefore, some of the improvement in weld ductility may be attributed to their grain refinement effect. 

Refinement of the grain size in the stir zone of the welds produced here occurred as a result of some restorative process. The restoration processes include recovery or recrystallization, and they may occur either statically (during heating after cold deformation), dynamically (during hot deformation), or metadynamically... 

Normalizing Heat treatment of an iron based alloy is heated to a temperature at least 100 degrees above the transformation range and then cooled in still air. This process produces a recrystallization and refinement of the grain in the material that results in uniform hardness and structure. 

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