Graft copolymers alternative names

Random copolymers are characterized by the statistical placement of comonomer repeating units along the backbone chain. Alternating copolymers, as the name suggests, are characterized by the alternate placement of monomers. Graft copolymers are made of chemically linked pairs of homopolymers and resemble a comb. Block copolymers are composed of terminally connected structures. 

Figure 8.25 I Copolymers can be grown with different arrangements of monomers. Here, the different colored ovals represent two different monomers. For the most part, the names of these types of copolymers are self-explanatory. The different monomers alternate in an alternating copolymer or are randomly combined in a random copolymer. In a block copolymer, each type of monomer tends to be clumped together. Graft copolymers involve side chains of one polymer attached to a backbone of a different polymer.

In the international nomenclature, -co-, -alt-, -b-, -g- are often inserted between two monomers to represent random copolymerization, alternating copolymerization, block copolymerization, and graft copolymerization, respectively. In random copolymer names, the former is the main monomer, and the latter is the secondary monomer. In block copolymer names, the order of monomers represents the order of polymerization, whereas in graft copolymer names, the former is the main chain and the latter is the branched chain. 

In a copolymer the monomeric units may be arranged in four basic ways, namely (a) randomly, (b) alternating, (c) in blocks, and (d) graft copolymers in which chains made up from one structural unit are... 

The data tables in each chapter are provided there in order of the names of the polymers. In this data book, mostly source-based polymer names are applied. These names are more common in use, and they are usually given in the original sources too. For copolymers, their names were usually built by the two names of the co-monomers which are connected by -co-, or more specifically by -alt- for alternating copolymers, by -b- for block copolymers, by -g- for graft copolymers, or -stat- for statistical copolymers. Stmcture-based names, for which details about their nomenclature can be fonnd in the Polymer Handbook (1999BRA), are chosen in some single cases only. CAS index names for polymers are not appUed here. Finally, a list of the polymers in Appendix 1 ntilizes the names as given in the chapters of this book. 

The different copolymers with constitutional repeating units A and B are named according to the source-based nomenclature rules as follows unspecified type, poly(A-co-B) statistical copolymer, poly(A-stat-B) alternating copolymer, poly(A-a7f-B) graft copolymer, poly(A-gra/it-B). Note that the constitutional repeating unit of the backbone chain of the graft copolymer is specified first. 

Block and imidom copolymers are die most common copolymers. An example of a random copolymer is poly(lactide-co-glycolide), also known as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) depending on the synthesis route. Note that the structure for poly(lactide-co-glycolide) does not specify the type (random, alternating, block, or graft) and must be accompanied by the structure name to specify copolymer type. 

Copolymers. The CA Index name is written by citation of the name of the senior comonomer, in inverted format, followed by a comma. The modification contains the expression pol5mier with B, C, D,... and Z , where B, C, D,... and Z are the names of the other comonomers, alphabetized, and in iminverted format, and also stereochemical and structural terms such as isotactic, syndiotactic, alternating, block, or graft whenever applicable. The senior comonomer is chosen by a set of principles that include a strict order of precedence of chemical functions and compoimd classes (33). The format is A, Pol5mier with B, C, D,... and Z in which A, B, C, D,... and Z are the comonomers. 

The classi cation of copolymers according to structural types and the nomenclature for copolymers have been described previously in Chapter 1. The present chapter is primarily concerned with the simultaneous polymerization of two monomers by free-radical mechanism to produce random, statistical, and alternating eopolymers. Copolymers having completely random distribution of the different monomer units along the copolymer chain are referred to as random copolymers. Statistical copolymers are those in which the distribution of the two monomers in the chain is essentially random but in uenced by the individual monomer reactivities. The other types of copolymers, namely, graft and block copolymers, are not synthesized by the simultaneous polymerization of two monomers. These are generally obtained by other types of reactions (see Section 7.6). 

Copolymers formed from two or more monomers are described by the term polymer with (followed by the other monomers in alphabetical order) cited in the modification under each monomer name. In the struetural diagram derived firm te CAS R isliy Syston records, Ihe structures of monomers, separated by a period cr periods, are enclosed in parentheses followed by a subseript x . The corresponding empirical formulas are similarly expressed. The descriptors alternating, block, and graft are dted vdiaiev apfdicabb. 

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