Glyoxalase system

McLellan, A.C., Thornalley, P.J., Benn, J., and Sonksen, P.H. 1994. Glyoxalase system in clinical diabetes mellitus and correlation with diabetic complications. Clin Sci (London) 87 21-29. 

The glyoxalase system is able to convert a-oxoaldehydes into the corresponding a-hydroxyacids, a reaction that lowers oxidative stress. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) mimetic activity has been associated with imidazole derivatives, such as histidine and camosine, and their activity in liberating lactic acid from. S -lactoylglutathionc has been confirmed.613 However, mammalian tissue displays about 4000 times this activity. 

The glyoxalase system bound on a solid phase has been used for the asymmetric synthesis of a-hy-droxy acids (equation 23). Aldehyde (40 R = Pr") provides the acid (42) in 79% yield and in >99% ee. The enzyme system GX-I/GX-II is not especially stable when isolated on a matrix and scale-up is difficult because large quantities of GSH are required. 

Thorn alley, P J. (1990). Tile glyoxalase system New developments towards functional characterization of a metabolic pathway fundamental to biological life. Biochem. J. 269, l-Il. 

Belanger M, Yang J, Petit JM, Laroche T, Magistretti PJ, Allaman I (2011) Role of the glyoxalase system in astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection. J Neurosci 31 18338-18352... 

Rae, C., Bemers-Price, S. J., Bulliman, B. T., and Kuchel, P. W. 1990. Kinetic analysis of the human erythrocyte glyoxalase system using INMR and computer model. Eur. J. Biochem. 193 83-90. 

Thornalley, P. J. 1988. Modification of the glyoxalase system in human red blood cells by glucose in vitro. Biochem. J. 254 751-55. 

There are other glutathione-dependent enzymes involved in detoxification, such as glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and the glyoxalase system. 

Thomalley PJ. 1998. Glutathione-dependent detoxification of alpha-oxoaldehydes by the glyoxalase system involvement in disease mechanisms and antiproliferative activity of glyoxalase I inhibitors. Chem-Biol Interact 112 137-151. 

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