Glycosylation nucleotide sugars

Each glycosylation reaction involves the appropriate nucleotide-sugar. 

Glycosyl esters ( sugar nucleotides ) are the glycosyl donors for the formation of wall polysaccharides. Some glycosyl-nucleotides can, in vivo, be synthesized directly from the corresponding monosaccharide, ATP, and the appropriate nucleoside triphosphate. In addition, some... 

The sugar nucleotides (an uninformative name that has been used for glycosyl nucleotides, or more strictly, glycosyl esters of nucleoside di- or mono-phosphates) were discussed in this Series12 in 1973. Since then, accumulation of new data about these derivatives has continued, and now, about 35 representatives of this class are known to participate in the biosynthesis of polysaccharide chains of bacterial polymers (for a survey, see Ref. 13). These include glycosyl esters of uridine 5 -diphosphate (UDP), thymidine 5 -diphosphate (dTDP), guanosine 5 -diphosphate (GDP), cytidine 5 -diphosphate (CDP), cytidine 5 -monophosphate (CMP), and adenosine 5 -diphosphate (ADP). 

The key intermediates in the biosynthesis of 6-deoxy sugars are the nucleoside 6-deoxyhexosyl-4-ulose diphosphates (7), formed through enzymic reactions catalyzed by NDP-sugar 4,6-dehydratases (EC 4.2.1.45-47) from primary glycosyl nucleotides. These reactions were observed... 

In summary, many important in situ regeneration cycles for nucleotide sugars have been established for the synthesis of glycoconjugates with glycosyl-transferases. However, more detailed investigations will be needed to define the inhibition, the stability and the kinetics of the enzymes involved, and to achieve synthesis conditions with high yields and high enzyme productivities. 

Capasso JM, Hirschberg CB. Mechanisms of glycosylation and sulfation in the Golgi apparatus evidence for nucleotide sugar/nucleoside monophosphate and nucleotide sulfate/ nucleoside monophosphate antiports in the Golgi apparatus membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984 81 7051-7055. 

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