Glycoproteins sodium periodate

This same type of modification strategy also can be used to create highly reactive groups from functionalities of rather low reactivity. For instance, carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins can be modified with sodium periodate to transform their rather unreactive hydroxyl groups into highly reactive aldehydes. Similarly, cystine or disulfide residues in proteins can be selectively reduced to form active sulfhydryls, or 5 -phosphate groups of DNA can be transformed to yield modifiable amines. 

Figure 1.108 Glycoproteins that have been treated with sodium periodate to produce aldehyde groups can be further modified with adipic acid dihydrazide to result in a hydrazide derivative.

Dissolve the macromolecule-containing aldehydes to be blocked (i.e., a glycoprotein that has been oxidized with sodium periodate to create formyl groups) at a concentration... 

Figure 5.13 M2C2H can be used to crosslink a sulfhydryl-containing molecule with an aldehyde-containing compound. Glycoproteins may be conjugated using this reagent after treatment with sodium periodate to form reactive aldehyde groups.

Figure 7.11 Oxidation of glycoproteins with periodate, such as glycosylated antibodies, results in the formation of aldehyde groups that can be used for conjugation to dendrimers containing amine groups. Reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride results in coupling via secondary (or tertiary) amine bonds.

Dissolve the glycoprotein(s) to be labeled in ice-cold ImM sodium periodate, lOmM sodium phosphate, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4, for the exclusive oxidation of sialic acid residues. For general carbohydrate oxidation, increase the periodate concentration to 10 mM in PBS at room temperature. 

Figure 20.8 Enzymes that are glycoproteins like HRP may be oxidized with sodium periodate to produce reactive aldehyde residues. Conjugation with an antibody then may be done by reductive animation using sodium cyanoborohydride.

Figure 23.10 Glycoproteins may be oxidized with sodium periodate to generate aldehyde residues. These may be specifically labeled using a hydrazide-streptavidin derivative through hydrazone bond formation. Subsequent detection may be done using biotinylated enzymes.

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