Glycerol reactions

Phthalazinone, 355 synthesis of, 356 Phthalic anhydride, 101 Phthalic anhydride-glycerol reaction, 19 Physical properties. See also Barrier properties Dielectric properties Mechanical properties Molecular weight Optical properties Structure-property relationships Thermal properties of aliphatic polyesters, 40-44 of aromatic-aliphatic polyesters, 44-47 of aromatic polyesters, 47-53 of aromatic polymers, 273-274 of epoxy-phenol networks, 413-416 molecular weight and, 3 of PBT, PEN, and PTT, 44-46 of polyester-ether thermoplastic elastomers, 54 of polyesters, 32-60 of polyimides, 273-287 of polymers, 3... 

Behr A, Leschinski J, Awungacha C, Simic S, Knoth T (2009) Telomerization of butadiene with glycerol reaction control through process engineering, solvents, and additives. ChemSusChem 2 71-76... 

By using similar chemistry, aromatic polyester polyol structures are obtained by alkoxylation of the phthalic anhydride reaction product with glycerol (reaction 16.10). By the propoxylation of the reaction product of pyromellitic anhydride with DEG, tetrafunctional, highly viscous aromatic polyester polyols (16.11) are obtained. 

Acid hydrolysis of tristearoyl glycerol Reaction of decanoic acid with KOH Hydrogenation of linoleic acid... 

Furikado I, Miyazawa T, Koso S, Shimao A, Kunimori K, Tomishige K (2007) Catalytic performance of Rh/Si02 catalysts in the glycerol reaction imder hydrogen. Green Chem 9 582-588... 

The Abu-Omar group demonstrated that, in the absence of an added reductant, MeReO (MTO) catalyzes redox disproportionation of glycols. Glycerol was shown to serve as both substrate and reductant (165 C, 2 mol% MTO) in a reactive distillation process, producing moderate yields of volatile allyl alcohol, acrolein, and propanal (1.0 0.22 0.15), and non-volatile, reactive l,3-dihydroxyacet(Mie (Scheme 18). Redox disproportionation of c/s-cyclohexanediol catalyzed by MTO was also efficient producing cyclohexene and 1,2-cyclohexanedione [37]. The rate of the glycerol reaction was determined to be first-order in the diol and first-order in MTO and a kinetic isotope effect of 2.4 was measured for... 

Table 13.7 Properties of oxide catalysts and their catalytic performance for the dehydration of glycerol. Reaction conditions temperature 250°C time on stream 8-10 h.

Table 13.10 Catalyst properties and their catalytic performance for the transesterification of methyl stearate with glycerol. Reaction conditions temperature 220°C glycerol/methyl stearate 1 time on stream 6 h weight of catalyst 0.5 g Nj atmospheric pressure.

Furikado, L, Miyazawa, T., Koso, S., et al., 2007. Catalytic performance of Rh/SiOj in glycerol reaction imder hydrogen. Green Chemistry 9, 582-588. 

On acetylation it gives acetanilide. Nitrated with some decomposition to a mixture of 2-and 4-nitroanilines. It is basic and gives water-soluble salts with mineral acids. Heating aniline sulphate at 190 C gives sulphanilic add. When heated with alkyl chlorides or aliphatic alcohols mono- and di-alkyl derivatives are obtained, e.g. dimethylaniline. Treatment with trichloroethylene gives phenylglycine. With glycerol and sulphuric acid (Skraup s reaction) quinoline is obtained, while quinaldine can be prepared by the reaction between aniline, paraldehyde and hydrochloric acid. 

It is used in the preparation of benzanthrone by heating with glycerol and sulphuric acid (Skraup s reaction). 

Occurs in the high-boiling fraction of coal tar. Most conveniently prepared by Skraup s reaction by healing a mixture of aniline, glycerol, sulphuric acid and nitrobenzene. Used in the manufacture of dyestuffs, and pharmaceutical products. 

In the presence of glycerol or mannitol (polyhydroxo compounds) boric acid behaves as a much stronger acid the reaction can be represented as ... 

Sulphites react with molecular oxygen (or air) to give sulphates, a reaction catalysed by certain ions (for example Fe, Cu, arsenate(III) ion, AsO ) and inhibited by, for example, phenol, glycerol and tin(II) ions, Sn ... 

When a mixture of aniline, nitrobenzene, glycerol and concentrated sulphuric acid is heated, a vigorous reaction occurs with the formation of quinoline. It is probable that the sulphuric acid first dehydrates the glycerol giving acrolein or acraldehyde (A), which then condenses at its double bond with the amino group of the aniline to give acrolein-aniline (B), The latter in its enol... 

Quinoline may be prepared by heating a mixture of aniline, anhydrous glycerol and concentrated sulphuric acid with an oxidising agent, such as nitrobenzene. The reaction with nitrobenzene alone may proceed with extreme violence, but by the addition of ferrous sulphate, which appears to function as an oxygen carrier, the reaction is extended over a longer period of time and Is under complete control. 

If the approximate water content of commercial glycerol is known, the above dehydration may be avoided by adding sufficient SO, in the form of oleum to the concentrated sulphuric acid employed in the Skraup reaction to combine with all the water present. 

Hydroxyquinoline ( oxine ). The technique adopted in this preparation is based upon the fact that, in general, the reactants glycerol, amine, nitro compound and sulphuric acid can be mixed with temperature control, and then maintained at any convenient temperature below 120° without any appreciable chemical reaction taking place. A pre-mix of the amine, glycerol and sulphuric acid, maintained at a temperature which keeps it fluid (60-90°), is added in portions to a reaction vessel containiug the nitro compound and warmed with stirring to 140-170° at which temperature the Skraup reaction takes place. 

In view of the high reactivity and sensitivity to oxidation of o-phenylone-diamine, the normal experimental conditions of the Skraup reaction are modified the condensation is carried out hi the presence of glycerol, arsenic acid solution and dilute sulphuric acid. 

By controlhng the relative amounts of, for example, glycerol and phthahc anhydride and the experimental conditions of the reaction, various pol5 mers of different properties are obtained. Under mild conditions (ca. 150°) only the primary alcohol groups are esterified and the secondary alcohol group remains free. The structural unit of the resulting linear polymer is ... 

Quantitative studies of solid-state organic reactions were performed by Glazman (267. 268). Equal amounts of acetic anhydride and 2-aminothiazole (grain diameter 0.15 mm) were mixed for 20 rain, and the mixture was heated in a glycerol bath at 0.5°C per minute. Heating curves showed that the reaction starts in the solid phase the use of an eutectic composition of organic reactants increases the yields. 

The simplest a 3 unsaturated aldehyde acrolein is prepared by heating glycerol with an acid catalyst Suggest a mechanism for this reaction... 

Animal fats and vegetable oils are triacylglycerols, or triesters, formed from the reaction of glycerol (1,2, 3-propanetriol) with three long-chain fatty acids. One of the methods used to characterize a fat or an oil is a determination of its saponification number. When treated with boiling aqueous KOH, an ester is saponified into the parent alcohol and fatty acids (as carboxylate ions). The saponification number is the number of milligrams of KOH required to saponify 1.000 g of the fat or oil. In a typical analysis, a 2.085-g sample of butter is added to 25.00 ml of 0.5131 M KOH. After saponification is complete, the excess KOH is back titrated with 10.26 ml of0.5000 M HCl. What is the saponification number for this sample of butter ... 

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