Glutathione conjugate levels

Speisky, H., Bunou, D., Orrego, H. and Israel, Y. (1985). Lack of changes in diene conjugate levels following ethanol-induced glutathione depletion or hepatic necrosis. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 48, 77-90. 

Soglia, J. R., Contillo, L. G., Kalgutkar, A. S., Zhao, S., Hop, C. E. C. A., Boyd, J. G., and Cole, M. J. (2006). A semiquantitative method for the determination of reactive metabolite conjugate levels in vitro utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and novel quaternary ammonium glutathione analogs. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19 480-490. 

Figure 6. Liver and kidney toxicity caused by chloroform is thought to result from phosgene, a metabolite which at low levels may be rendered harmless by glutathione conjugation and further metabolism to yeild 2-oxothia2olidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ).

Measuring the total concentration of urinary thio compounds (including glutathione conjugates, mercapturic acids, and other sulfur-containing carbon disulfide metabolites) can serve as a good marker of exposure. The level of total thio compounds correlates with carbon disulfide exposure levels and is a more sensitive biomarker of exposure than the iodine-azide test (Beauchamp et al. 1983 Van Doom et al. 

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