Glucose metabohsm

Vitamin C (Figure 45-19) is a vitamin for human beings and other primates, the guinea pig, bats, passerine birds, and most fishes and invertebrates other animals synthesize it as an intermediate in the uronic acid pathway of glucose metabohsm (Chapter 20). In those species for which it is a vitamin, there is a block in that pathway due to absence of gulonolactone oxidase. Both ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid have vitamin activity. 

The inorganic, bioinorganic and medicinal chemistry of vanadium compounds in the oxidation states HI, IV, and V has been studied extensively in this regard. Active compounds of all three oxidation states have been reported to act favorably to improve glucose metabohsm. The inorganic salts, particularly... 

Field CJ, Ryan EA, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. Diet fat composition alters membrane phospholipid composition, insulin binding, and glucose metabohsm in adipocytes from control and diabetic animals. J. Biol. Chem. 1990 265 11143-11150. 

Glucose metabohsm has been studied in 17 patients taking clozapine (94). Six had impaired glucose tolerance and eight had a glycemic peak delay. 

More direct interference with glucose metabohsm cannot be excluded. Interferon aha can reduce the sensitivity of peripheral tissues or hver to insuhn and accelerate the destruction of stimulated pancreatic beta-ceUs (193,194) this could be a possible mechanism in patients not exhibiting islet ceU antibodies. This is also... 

In 2005, a case report was published of two patients with early onset of AD (one with the London APT mutation) who received treatment with CQ 250 mg bid for 9 and 14 months [ 191 ]. Both cases exhibited Locally augmented cerebral glucose metaboHsm with arrested clinical deterioration over this period and neither developed signs of neurotoxicity, hi the famihal AD case (the only one who consented to liunbar puncture) CSF-tau levels rose at 4 months and fell to below baseline at 9 months of treatment, and the AP42/40 ratio also rose at 4 months and fell to below baseline at 9 months of treatment [191]. 

The nephrotoxicity profile of tacrolimus is very similar to that of CsA. Tacrolimus induces acute and reversible functional changes in renal function, chronic renal irreversible structural injury, electrolyte disturbances, renal tubular acidosis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. There are some few and important differences tacrolimus induces less hypertension but more glucose metabohsm impairment than CsA [242, 515-521]. Also resembling CsA, tacrolimus association with drugs that interfere with the cytochrome P-450 metabolism or with other nephrotoxic drugs, can precipitate acute renal dysfunction [522-526]. ... 

Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabohsm. (From Borland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43. [nih]... 

Hooper NM, Turner AJ (2002) The search for alpha-secretase and its potential as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer s disease. Curr Med Chem 9 1107-1119 Hoyer S (2004) Glucose metabohsm and insuhn receptor signal transduction in Alzheimer disease. Eur J Pharmacol 490 115-125... 

Phenolic compounds or polyphenols constitute one of the most abtmdant and widely distributed groups of substances in the plant kingdom with more than 8,000 phenolic structures currently known. They are products of the secondary metabolism of plants and arise biogenetically from two main primary synthetic pathways the shikimate pathway and the acetate pathway. Both acetic acid and shikimic acid are derived from glucose metabohsm [15] (Scheme 74.1). 

Dakshinamurti K, Terrago-Litvak L, and Hong HC. Biotin and glucose metabohsm. Can. J. Biochem. 48 493-500 (1970). 

Many studies report beneficial effects of trivalent chromium. The element is described by WHO [24.5] as essential owing to its ability to strengthen the activity of in-suHn and its influence on carbohydrate and Upid metaboHsm. Biological systems commonly contain chromium as Cr in small concentrations [24.6]. It is thought, but disputed, that chromium is essential for life and involved in human glucose metaboHsm [24.7]. Chromium intake has been shown to be positive for humans and decreases the symptoms of diabetes in people with glucose intolerance [24.8]. An adequate intake of chromium for an adult is 50-200 pg/day and the content of chromium in tissues is 100-1000 pg/kg dry weight. 

Reivich M, Kuhl D, Wolf A, Greenberg J, Phelps M, Ido T, Castella V, Fowler J, Gallagher B, Hoffman E, Alavi A, Sokoloff L. Measurement of local cerebral glucose metabohsm in man with F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1977 64 190-191. 

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