Glial cells astrocytes

Fig. 8.3 Chemokines are neuromodulators. Some chemokines can be synthesized, as their own receptor, by the same neuron (a). A chemokine released by exocytosis can modulate the electrical activity of neurons after binding to its own presynaptic receptor (autoreceptor). Chemokines can also act on other neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and microgha) which express chemokine receptors (b). (Adapted from Rostene and Melik-Parsadaniantz, Pour la Science 2008, 369 66-72)...

Figure 14.4 Different types of glial cells. Astrocytes connect capillaries and neurones. Fibrous astrocytes, with less branching and more filamentous processes, occur mainly in white matter while protoplasmic astrocytes are located principally in the grey matter. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath by wrapping themselves around axons. The connection between the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocyte is permanent and provides material for the myelin sheath. Microgliocytes (microglia) are the phagocytes of the nervous system. The ciliated ependymal cells line the cavities of the central nervous system.

The The brain parenchyma is composed of neurons supported by a framework of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependyma), blood vessels, and microglia. The processes of these cells combine to form a delicate fibrillar background termed the neuropil . 

The properties of classical neuro transmitters, as described for ACh and NE, can be applied with some variations to numerous other substances which have subsequently been determined to act as neurotransmitters. For example, in the case of amino acid transmitters such as GABA or glutamate, we would note that much of the released neuro transmitter is cleared from synapses by high affinity uptake into glial cells (astrocytes), in addition to nerve terminals. Peptide neurotransmitters, such as one of the endor-... 

Glial fibrillary acidic protein 50 Homo- and heteropolymers Glial cells, astrocytes... 

Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microgha cells) synthesise NO mainly after Ca -independent inducible NOS expression (iNOS or NOS 2) by treatment with the endotoxin Hpopolysaccharide (EPS) and/or certain cytokines, such as interferon-y, tumour necrosis factor-a or interleukin-ip (for reviews see Murphy et al. 1993, Murphy and Guzybicki 1996). 

---