Gibbs free energy oriented

Flow imparts both extension and rotation to fluid elements. Thus, polymer molecules will be oriented and stretched under these circumstances and this may result in flow-induced phenomena observed in polymer systems which include phase-changes, crystallization, gelation or fiber formation. More generally, the Gibbs free energy of polymer blends or solutions depends under non-equilibrium conditions not only on temperature, pressure and concentration but also on the conformation of the macromolecules (as an internal variable) and hence, it is sensitive to external forces. 

Ramberg, H., 1959. The Gibbs free energy of crystals under anisotropic stress, a possible cause for preferred mineral orientation. Anais da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto 32, 1-12. 

The terms within the parentheses are simply probabilities. The first term is the probability of finding the CSP in a given conformational state, the second term is the probability that the analyte is in a particular conformation and the last term is the probability that the two molecules are positioned and oriented in a particular way with respect to each other. Note that because the authors locate all the minima on the complex s intermolecular potential energy surfaces they can derive the entropy of the system as well. Therefore E is actually a good representation of the macroscopic free energy of interaction, which in this case corresponds to a Gibbs free energy. 

The adsorbed layer is assumed to be a non-electrolyte surface solution composed ofN neutral species, which may be the solvent molecules, the molecules of one or more solutes, or even different states of the solvent molecules due to different orientations of their permanent dipole moment. The location of the adsorbed layer is between two perfectly conducting walls, which are the electrode surface on one side and the electrolyte solution on the other side. Thus the Gibbs free energy of this layer is given by... 

It is useful to introduce one further idea here. The condition for the minimum in the Gibbs free energy of the oriented phase is... 

Orientational contribution to the Gibbs free energy of a segment... 

Here, y is an orientation factor. The Gibbs free energy can then be rewritten as usual ... 

Frank wrote down the Gibbs free energy density (/) of deformation relative to its value in a state of uniform orientation [6.29] as... 

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