Geothermal fluids scaling

Criaud, A., C. Fouillac and B. Marty, 1989, Low enthalpy geothermal fluids from the Paris basin, 2 - oxidation-reduction state and consequences for the prediction of corrosion and sulfide scaling. Geothermics 18, 711-727. 

Gunnarson, I., Amorsson, S. (2003). Sihca scaling The main obstacle in efficient use of high-temperature geothermal fluids. International Geothermal Conference, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 30-36. 

Klein, C. W. 1995. Management of fluid injection in geothermal wells to avoid silica scaling at low levels of silica oversaturation. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Florence, Italy, 18-31 May, 2451-2456. 

The scales which form in pipes and drains of a developed field can also be rich in As (Table 2). Scales rich in As and An deposit on back pressure plates at the Ohaaki geothermal field, for example, due to the sudden drop in pressure and consequent boiling of the fluid (Simmons and Browne, 2CiOO). The subaerial scale forming in the Wairakei borefield drain demonstrates a close positive correlation between As and Fe content, with As deposition mainly due to adsorption on Fe-oxide (Finlayson and Webster, 1989). 

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