Functional group changing

Carbohydrates are marvelous molecules In most of them every carbon bears a functional group and the nature of the functional groups changes as the molecule mterconverts between open chain and cyclic hemiacetal forms Any approach to understanding carbohydrates must begin with structure... 

In the four examples above, though, it is not at the reaction centre itself that the functional groups change but at the carbon next to the reaction centre, and we call these groups neighbouring groups. 

Modify lead(s) by identification of pharmacophore and synthesis of analogues functional group changes SAR of lead candidate... 

There are many different types of PHA, distinctly characterised by chain length, type of functional group and degree of unsaturated bonds. A higher degree of unsaturation increases the rubber qualities of a polymer, and different functional groups change the physical and chemical properties of a polymer. 

This chapter deals with a variety of reactions of steroid derivatives in which functional groups change their positions, while the steroid skeleton retains its normal structure. 

The inclusion in the main chain of optimum length of other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and other functional groups changes any anticholinergic activity (65). However, such compounds are considerably potent (seeSection 5.4). 

A chemist assigning the structure of a new synthetic substance routinely looks for certain spectrometric peaks. They are those appearing in the spectrum of the product but not of the starting material. These peaks typify the functional group change that occurred. The task of assigning structure to the product is simplified if the starting material itself has a known structure, which in medicinal and process chemistry is commonplace. 

The previous discussion focused on the functional group changes that are possible when hydride reducing agents are used and, when appropriate, their regiochemical preferences. A major aspect of hydride reduction is the stereoehemistry of the reduction, as introduced in Table 4.5. A simple example is 2-pentanone, which is reduced to 2-pentanol. The carbonyl is a prochiral center (sec. 1.4.E) since addition of hydride from the two... 

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