Functional and Robust Modules

An alternative way to validate the critical function eliciting the disease-relevant phenotype is the use of tool modulators these can be small molecules, peptides, or antibodies that may not have the properties to be considered a drug, but may display sufficient potency and selectivity to be used to interrogate the specific protein function in the relevant system. Such tools, however, are rarely available with the required characteristics to allow for a robust interpretation of the experiment. The exception is represented by the... 

Charge delocalization pathways were gauged and compared on the basis of the magnitude of A8 C values. Some representative examples are shown in Fig. 8. It was concluded that the carboxonium group is a robust electron-withdrawing substituent whose electronic response is sensitive to steric factors. In this way, it could be used to modulate charge delocalization into PAHs and their carbocations, as a function of substitution position. 

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