Frictionally resisted, incompressible flow through a real pipe

5 Frictionally resisted, incompressible flow through a real pipe 

The pressure drop through a pipe is the sum of the hydrostatic pressure due to the increase in level and the frictional pressure drop due to the flow through the pipe, to the flow past fittings such as bends and valves and to the entry and exit losses  

A P is the pressure difference due to the diflerence in levels at the entrance to and exit from the pipe (Pa), 

Ap i = p3 — p is the pressure drop caused by a residual velocity at the outlet (Pa). 

---