Freezing plane

In conventional refractory designs, the lining is at least one brick thickness (>225 mm), and the lining typically features a safety lining for a total thickness of at least 450 mm. The slag freeze plane may be located in a zone of 40-75 mm behind the hot face. In some cases, slag may penetrate up to 150 mm behind the hot face. 

B, abbret. (Eratarrungapunkt) freezing point. Ecket f. corner, angle edge (plane angle)... 

With the freeze-fracture technique, the fracture plane passes through liposomes which are randomly positioned in the frozen sample. Some liposomes will be cut far from their midplane sections, others through their midplane section. Therefore, the analysis of freeze-fracture pictures requires corrections for nonequatorial fracture. Besides, corrections have to be made for the size-dependent probability of a vesicle being in the fracture plane (Jousma et al., 1987 Guiot et al., 1980). Recently, results with a new technique based on electron microscopy was discussed this technique allows analysis not only of liposome size, but also of the number of bilayers (Lauten-schlager et al., 1988). 

The unfiltered solute in the molten solid transfers through the porous medium, viz. the P.S.Z., and finally reaches the plane of complete freezing, where it finally solidifies completely. This determines the solute concentration in the treated solid. 

When concluding on the particle size and shape from images obtained by freeze fracture TEM, the fact that the particles are fractured randomly with respect to the localization of the fracture site within the particle and to orientation toward the fracture plane has to be taken into consideration. Most of the particle remains hidden from observation. Therefore, a sufficiently large number of particles have to be investigated to obtain a realistic impression. The determination of a particle size distribution will not be possible when the particles are of anisometric shape. 

Fig. 7 Freeze-fracture images of hydrogenosomes from T. foetus, a Fractured cell showing a prominent Golgi (G) with several lamellae and fenestrae, as well profiles of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in close proximity (arrows) with hydrogenosomes (H). Bar = 100 nm. b Hydrogenosomes from an isolated fraction observed by freeze-fracture. Note the clusters of intramembranous particles forming rosettes (arrow). The peripheral vesicle is smooth and does not present clusters of particles or rosettes. Bar = 50 nm. (From Benchimol et al. 2001). c Two freeze-fractured hydrogenosomes exhibiting different fracture planes (arrows). Bar = 100 nm. (From Benchimol et al. 1996a)...

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