Fragility diagram

Fig. 11.6. Diagram depicting desorption ionization (MALDI, FAB or SIMS). The operating principles of the three techniques are similar. The initiating event is exposure of the analyte to a beam of photons, atoms or ions. In order to prevent damage to the fragile analyte molecules and enhance the conversion of the involatile molecules into gas-phase ions, a matrix is employed. For MALDI, the matrix compounds are UV absorbing compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acid. The most commonly used FAB matrix was glycerol and ammonium chloride was employed by some investigators in SIMS experiments (although at low ion beam fluxes molecular species could be effectively ionized for many analytes with minimal evidence of damage by the primary ion beam).

Figure 1-5. Diagram of the fragile X mental retardation (FAIR ) gene with restriction map and FMR1 probes used for diagnostic Southern blots. The circle indicates the CpG island, and the box represents the first exon. The dark region shows the location of triplet repeats.

M. Kobayashi and H. Tanaka, Possible link of the V-shaped phase diagram to the glass-forming ability and fragility in a water-salt mixture. PA/s. 7 6k Lett. 106, 125703 (2011). 

Osteoporosis is a major public problem, it is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitec-tural deterioration. Osteoporotic patient occur fragility fracture frequently, and the common positions were vertebral, hip, wrist. There was 1.66million hip fracture in worldwide [1], 1,197,000 in women and 463,000 in men. Dynamic hip screw was the standard treatment in stable femoral proximal fracture. But in unstable fracture, it has high failure rate. Unstable fracture has the weak structure, it cause that the force loads on femoral head. Then the cut-out complication will happen, especially on osteoporotic patient. The hip biomechanics can help us to design new device and develop new technique to solve the clinical problem. From the diagram of the lines of stress in the upper femur, the lesser trochanter supply the compression... 

Figure 135 Phase diagram of surface water in fully hydrated systems (upper panel). Fragile to strong transition of the hydration water [243] and anomaly in thermophysical properties [108] that indicate a continuous transition from tetrahedrally ordered to orientationally disodered water [45] are shown by open and closed circles, respectively. The line of percolation transition of hydration water in the case of full hydration is shown schematically by solid lines based on the results of Ref [566]. Location of the percolation transitions in low-hydrated systems is shown schematically by dashed and dot-dashed lines (lower panel). Reprinted, with permission, from [612].

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