Fouling macrofouling

Hypobromous acid so produced from the naturally occurring bromide in the ocean is rapidly consumed upon demand and is nontoxic to the plant. This natural process helps explain why seaweeds in the ocean are not overcome by adherent microbial biomass and macrofoulants that, for example, rapidly foul the surfaces of ships and piers in the sea. Although chloride is far more abundant than bromide, certain seaweeds preferentially make hypobromous acid in situ. The brominating activity of Laminaria digitata is shown by demonstration (Figure 3) in a replication of the work by Wever, et al.2. 

Many macrofoulers readily settle on surfaces whether or not they are filmed with bacteria, and chemical surface characteristics mediate the settlement of many common macrofoulers.9 21 28 29 Finally, at all levels of fouling, there are some organisms that settle like dust on all surfaces.8-21 55... 

Hadfield, M.G., Carpizo-Ituarte, E., Holm, E., Nedved, B., and Unabia, C., Macrofouling processes a developmental and evolutionary perspective, Abstract 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, 1999. 

The interaction between biological activity and material performance is very signiffcant in seawater. Macrofouling such as barnacles and mussels can be either protective or can result in accelerated corrosion depending on the material exposed and the extent of the accumulation of fouling. Anaerobic conditions are frequently found at the base of extensive fouling accumulation and this can dramatically affect corrosion of many materials. Seasonal variations and... 

The existence of biological life, to be further distinguished as micro-fouling (e.g., bacteria, slime) and macrofouling (e.g., seaweed, mussels, barnacles, and many kinds of animals or fish)... 

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