Formalism for thick-target PIXE

The sohd targets are considered to be thick if the projectile lose whole of its energy while passing through the target. In PIXE analysis of thick samples, the following points have to be considered the slowing down of protons (or 

In the thick target analysis the main error is caused due to the determination of dy/d i and uncertainty in the stopping power. The particle flux Np incident on the target is calculated from the yield of scattered particles (Age), using the Rutherford scattering formula (1.36). 

If the sample is reduced to a fine powder, the analysis of the nonmajor elements (less than a few percent) may be obtained by the internal standard 

If we compare the X-ray 3deld of the sample with a standard in the same geometrical conditions, the weight (Wz) of an element of atomic number Z can be estimated using the relation 

For specimen such as alloys there is no distinction between trace and matrix elements and we simply have a specimen of miknown elemental composition. In this case (1.50) transforms to 

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