Fluvalinates

Gas ehromatography mass-mass aequisition was used for the pyrethroid determination. Pyrethroids investigated were Allethrin, Prallethrin, Tetramethrin, Bifenthrin, Phenothrin, X-Cyhalothrin, Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Flueythrinate, Fsfenvalerate, Fluvalinate and Deltamethrin. Piperonyl butoxide, main synergist eompound for pyrethroid eompounds, was also studied. 

Khazanchi, R., Handa, SJL Detection and Sepantion of Rnpropatlnin. Fhicythrinate Fluvalinate and PP 321 by Thin-Layer ChroTnatography , J. Assoc. Off. Anal Ctmn. W , 72, 512-514. 

Fluorescence stabilization, porphyrins la 100-101 Fluorophors la 57 Flupentixol lb 354 Fluphenazine la 104 lb 354-356 Fluspirilen lb 354 Fluvalinates lb 86 Foam bath, brominated la 64 Folic acid la 223,225 Folin-Ciocalteu s reagent lb 180 Folin s reagent lb 321 Formaldehyde la 299,351 -, vapor la 86 Formazan lb 65... 

Stoner, A., W.T. Wilson, and J.O. Moffett. 1984. Effect of long-term feeding of low doses of fenvalerate or fluvalinate in sucrose syrup on honey bees in standard-size field colonies. Jour. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 19 490-498. 

Tau-fluvalinate (II) Tefluthrin (I) Not likely to be a human carcinogen [102]. In female rats, there was evidence of carcinogenicity in the form of uterine adenocarcinomas. Benign liver tumors were observed in female mice. Tefluthrin did not cause cancer in male mice or rats. There was no evidence that tefluthrin was genotoxic. Cancer risks are not of concern in humans [103], No evidence of carcinogenicity was demonstrated in studies conducted with mice or rats [104],... 

In addition, three types of lipophilic conjugates have been found in pyrethroid metabolism studies (Fig. 4). They are cholesterol ester (fenvalerate) [15], glyceride (3-PBacid, a common metabolite of several pyrethroids) [16], and bile acid conjugates (fluvalinate) [17]. It is noteworthy that one isomer out of the four chiral isomers of fenvalerate yields a cholesterol ester conjugate from its acid moiety [15]. This chiral-specific formation of the cholesterol ester has been demonstrated to be mediated by transesterification reactions of carboxylesterase(s) in microsomes, not by any of the three known biosynthetic pathways of endogenous cholesterol esters... 

Yang G-S, Vazquez PP, Frenich AG, Vidal M, Aboul-Enein HY (2004) Separation and simultaneous determination of enantiomers of tau-fluvalinate and permethrin in drinking water. Chromatographia 60 523-526... 

Maloney SE, Maule A, Smith ARW (1988) Microbial transformation of the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, deltamethrin, fastac, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 2874—2876... 

Synthetic analogs of the pyrethrins, pyrethroids, have been widely produced as insecticides during recent years. The first of these was allethrin (Figure 19.4). Three pyrethroids that are relatively safe and can be used on cereal crops are fluvalinate, zeta-cypermethrin, and deltametrin, structural formulas of which are shown in Figure 19.4.15... 

A large number of synthetic pyrethroids with a variety of aromatic and aliphatic fluorine substituents have been commercialized, and will be discussed in the sections on fluorinated ether, aromatic fluorine, and fluorinated aliphatic groups, respectively. Fluvalinate (Mavrik ) [50] is a trifluoromethylphenyl pyrethroid, initially introduced by Zoecon (later Zandos Ag) and later replaced by tau-fluvalin-ate, which contains two of the four isomers of fluvalinate. Tau-fluvalinate (Apistan ) is a synthetic pyrethroid used for the topical treatment of honeybees against the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Mite resistance to tau-fluvalinate has been reported [51],... 

The main products with this structure are fenvalerate, esfenvalerate, flucythrinate and fluvalinate all of which do not have a crysanthemic acid derivate. 

Flutriafol heterocyclic nitrogen, triazole Fluvalinate pyrethroid Fluxofenim oxime... 

Methyl 2 chloro methyl butanoate fluvalinate 2 Methyl 4 chloro phenol MCPB, mecoprop... 

Type II pyrethroids include cypermethrin, fenvalerate, tralomethrin, esfenvalerate, del-tamethrin, te/-fluvalinate, fenpropathrin, A,-cyhalothrin, tefluthrin, cyfluthrin, acrinath-rin, and imiprothrin. The structures of these pyrethroids are as follows ... 

As shown in Figure 7.23, pyrethroids also bind to the acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo electric organ and vertebrate skeletal muscle. However, they do not bind to the ACh binding sites. Studies on the effects of fluvalinate on binding suggest that the action of pyrethroids is to interfere with acetylcholine receptor desensitization. It is believed that pyrethroids bind to a site that is at the lipid-protein interface and acetylcholine receptor is only a secondary target for pyrethroids (Eldefrawi and Eldefrawi, 1990). 

Yu and Nguyen (1996) showed that selection of a strain of diamondback moth (Plu-tella xylostella) with permethrin for 21 generations resulted in over 600-fold resistance to permethrin in this strain. The resistant strain was also cross-resistant to all pyrethroids tested, including bifenthrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate, A.-cyhalothrin, fluvalinate, and tral-omethrin. However, it remained susceptible to organophosphate, carbamate, cyclodiene, neonicotinoid, avermectin, and microbial insecticides tested. Biochemical studies indicated that pyrethroid resistance observed in this strain was most likely due to decreased target site sensitivity. 

Wang, R., Liu, Z., Dong, K., Elzen, P.J., Pettis, J., and Huang, Z.Y., Association of novel mutations in a sodium channel gene with fluvalinate resistance in the mite, Varroa destructor, J. Apic. Res., 40,17, 2002. 

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