Fluvalinate resistance

Wang, R., Liu, Z., Dong, K., Elzen, P.J., Pettis, J., and Huang, Z.Y., Association of novel mutations in a sodium channel gene with fluvalinate resistance in the mite, Varroa destructor, J. Apic. Res., 40,17, 2002. 

A large number of synthetic pyrethroids with a variety of aromatic and aliphatic fluorine substituents have been commercialized, and will be discussed in the sections on fluorinated ether, aromatic fluorine, and fluorinated aliphatic groups, respectively. Fluvalinate (Mavrik ) [50] is a trifluoromethylphenyl pyrethroid, initially introduced by Zoecon (later Zandos Ag) and later replaced by tau-fluvalin-ate, which contains two of the four isomers of fluvalinate. Tau-fluvalinate (Apistan ) is a synthetic pyrethroid used for the topical treatment of honeybees against the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Mite resistance to tau-fluvalinate has been reported [51],... 

Yu and Nguyen (1996) showed that selection of a strain of diamondback moth (Plu-tella xylostella) with permethrin for 21 generations resulted in over 600-fold resistance to permethrin in this strain. The resistant strain was also cross-resistant to all pyrethroids tested, including bifenthrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate, A.-cyhalothrin, fluvalinate, and tral-omethrin. However, it remained susceptible to organophosphate, carbamate, cyclodiene, neonicotinoid, avermectin, and microbial insecticides tested. Biochemical studies indicated that pyrethroid resistance observed in this strain was most likely due to decreased target site sensitivity. 

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